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pjox/saturn.pretty.wat

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Common Crawl format example for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn
Raw
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"title": "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]",
"text": "Log in"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Help:Introduction",
"text": "learn more"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Special:MyContributions",
"title": "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]",
"text": "Contributions"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Special:MyTalk",
"title": "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]",
"text": "Talk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#",
"text": "(Top)"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Name_and_symbol",
"text": "1 Name and symbol"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Physical_characteristics",
"text": "2 Physical characteristics"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Internal_structure",
"text": "2.1 Internal structure"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Atmosphere",
"text": "2.2 Atmosphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Cloud_layers",
"text": "2.2.1 Cloud layers"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Hexagonal_cloud_patterns",
"text": "2.2.2 Hexagonal cloud patterns"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Magnetosphere",
"text": "2.3 Magnetosphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Orbit_and_rotation",
"text": "3 Orbit and rotation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Natural_satellites",
"text": "4 Natural satellites"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Planetary_rings",
"text": "5 Planetary rings"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#History_of_observation_and_exploration",
"text": "6 History of observation and exploration"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Pre-telescopic_observation",
"text": "6.1 Pre-telescopic observation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations",
"text": "6.2 Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Spaceflight_missions",
"text": "6.3 Spaceflight missions"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Pioneer_11_flyby",
"text": "6.3.1 Pioneer 11 flyby"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Voyager_flybys",
"text": "6.3.2 Voyager flybys"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft",
"text": "6.3.3 Cassini–Huygens spacecraft"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Possible_future_missions",
"text": "6.3.4 Possible future missions"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Observation",
"text": "7 Observation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#In_science_fiction",
"text": "8 In science fiction"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#See_also",
"text": "9 See also"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Notes",
"text": "10 Notes"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#References",
"text": "11 References"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#Further_reading",
"text": "12 Further reading"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#External_links",
"text": "13 External links"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Afrikaans",
"hreflang": "af",
"text": "Afrikaans"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)",
"title": "Saturn (Planet) – Alemannic",
"hreflang": "gsw",
"text": "Alemannisch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%85%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%B5",
"title": "ማህፈድ – Amharic",
"hreflang": "am",
"text": "አማርኛ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Inari Sami",
"hreflang": "smn",
"text": "Anarâškielâ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF",
"title": "शनि – Angika",
"hreflang": "anp",
"text": "अंगिका"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6tern_(tungol)",
"title": "Sætern (tungol) – Old English",
"hreflang": "ang",
"text": "Ænglisc"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Arabic",
"hreflang": "ar",
"text": "العربية"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Aragonese",
"hreflang": "an",
"text": "Aragonés"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Aromanian",
"hreflang": "rup",
"text": "Armãneashti"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(plan%C3%A8ta)",
"title": "Saturno (planèta) – Arpitan",
"hreflang": "frp",
"text": "Arpetan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9",
"title": "শনি গ্ৰহ – Assamese",
"hreflang": "as",
"text": "অসমীয়া"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturnu (planeta) – Asturian",
"hreflang": "ast",
"text": "Asturianu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9",
"title": "शनि ग्रह – Awadhi",
"hreflang": "awa",
"text": "अवधी"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BAyno",
"title": "Satúyno – Guarani",
"hreflang": "gn",
"text": "Avañe'ẽ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)",
"title": "Saturn (planet) – Azerbaijani",
"hreflang": "az",
"text": "Azərbaycanca"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زوحل – South Azerbaijani",
"hreflang": "azb",
"text": "تۆرکجه"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Balinese",
"hreflang": "ban",
"text": "Basa Bali"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9",
"title": "শনি গ্রহ – Bangla",
"hreflang": "bn",
"text": "বাংলা"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Banjar",
"hreflang": "bjn",
"text": "Banjar"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-chhe%E2%81%BF",
"title": "Thó͘-chheⁿ – Minnan",
"hreflang": "nan",
"text": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Banyumasan",
"hreflang": "jv-x-bms",
"text": "Basa Banyumasan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Bashkir",
"hreflang": "ba",
"text": "Башҡортса"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Belarusian",
"hreflang": "be",
"text": "Беларуская"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)",
"hreflang": "be-tarask",
"text": "Беларуская (тарашкевіца)"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9",
"title": "शनि ग्रह – Bhojpuri",
"hreflang": "bh",
"text": "भोजपुरी"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Central Bikol",
"hreflang": "bcl",
"text": "Bikol Central"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Bulgarian",
"hreflang": "bg",
"text": "Български"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)",
"title": "Saturn (Planet) – Bavarian",
"hreflang": "bar",
"text": "Boarisch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D",
"title": "སྤེན་པ། – Tibetan",
"hreflang": "bo",
"text": "བོད་ཡིག"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Bosnian",
"hreflang": "bs",
"text": "Bosanski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planedenn)",
"title": "Sadorn (planedenn) – Breton",
"hreflang": "br",
"text": "Brezhoneg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)",
"title": "Бимба (гараг) – Russia Buriat",
"hreflang": "bxr",
"text": "Буряад"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturn (planeta) – Catalan",
"hreflang": "ca",
"text": "Català"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Chuvash",
"hreflang": "cv",
"text": "Чӑвашла"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Cebuano",
"hreflang": "ceb",
"text": "Cebuano"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturn (planeta) – Czech",
"hreflang": "cs",
"text": "Čeština"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirema_(chindeya)",
"title": "Chirema (chindeya) – Shona",
"hreflang": "sn",
"text": "ChiShona"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Mlisko",
"title": "Chanya la Mlisko – Tumbuka",
"hreflang": "tum",
"text": "ChiTumbuka"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu",
"title": "Saturnu – Corsican",
"hreflang": "co",
"text": "Corsu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadwrn_(planed)",
"title": "Sadwrn (planed) – Welsh",
"hreflang": "cy",
"text": "Cymraeg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Danish",
"hreflang": "da",
"text": "Dansk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86",
"title": "ساتورن – Moroccan Arabic",
"hreflang": "ary",
"text": "الدارجة"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Northern Sami",
"hreflang": "se",
"text": "Davvisámegiella"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)",
"title": "Saturn (Planet) – German",
"hreflang": "de",
"text": "Deutsch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9etin",
"title": "Séetin – Navajo",
"hreflang": "nv",
"text": "Diné bizaad"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)",
"title": "Saturn (planet) – Lower Sorbian",
"hreflang": "dsb",
"text": "Dolnoserbski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9",
"title": "शनिग्रह – Doteli",
"hreflang": "dty",
"text": "डोटेली"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94",
"title": "སྤེན་པ – Dzongkha",
"hreflang": "dz",
"text": "ཇོང་ཁ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Estonian",
"hreflang": "et",
"text": "Eesti"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)",
"title": "Κρόνος (πλανήτης) – Greek",
"hreflang": "el",
"text": "Ελληνικά"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBren",
"title": "Satûren – Emiliano-Romagnolo",
"hreflang": "egl",
"text": "Emiliàn e rumagnòl"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Spanish",
"hreflang": "es",
"text": "Español"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planedo)",
"title": "Saturno (planedo) – Esperanto",
"hreflang": "eo",
"text": "Esperanto"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)",
"title": "Saturnu (praneta) – Extremaduran",
"hreflang": "ext",
"text": "Estremeñu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Basque",
"hreflang": "eu",
"text": "Euskara"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Persian",
"hreflang": "fa",
"text": "فارسی"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanigrah",
"title": "Sanigrah – Fiji Hindi",
"hreflang": "hif",
"text": "Fiji Hindi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Faroese",
"hreflang": "fo",
"text": "Føroyskt"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(plan%C3%A8te)",
"title": "Saturne (planète) – French",
"hreflang": "fr",
"text": "Français"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Western Frisian",
"hreflang": "fy",
"text": "Frysk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)",
"title": "Satarn (pláinéad) – Irish",
"hreflang": "ga",
"text": "Gaeilge"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarn_(planaid)",
"title": "Sarn (planaid) – Manx",
"hreflang": "gv",
"text": "Gaelg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn",
"title": "Satarn – Scottish Gaelic",
"hreflang": "gd",
"text": "Gàidhlig"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Galician",
"hreflang": "gl",
"text": "Galego"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Gan",
"hreflang": "gan",
"text": "贛語"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زؤحل – Gilaki",
"hreflang": "glk",
"text": "گیلکی"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)",
"title": "શનિ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati",
"hreflang": "gu",
"text": "ગુજરાતી"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Gun",
"hreflang": "guw",
"text": "Gungbe"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-s%C3%AAn",
"title": "Thú-sên – Hakka Chinese",
"hreflang": "hak",
"text": "客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3",
"title": "Сатурн һариг – Kalmyk",
"hreflang": "xal",
"text": "Хальмг"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B1",
"title": "토성 – Korean",
"hreflang": "ko",
"text": "한국어"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makulu",
"title": "Makulu – Hawaiian",
"hreflang": "haw",
"text": "Hawaiʻi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)",
"title": "Սատուրն (մոլորակ) – Armenian",
"hreflang": "hy",
"text": "Հայերեն"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)",
"title": "शनि (ग्रह) – Hindi",
"hreflang": "hi",
"text": "हिन्दी"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Upper Sorbian",
"hreflang": "hsb",
"text": "Hornjoserbsce"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Croatian",
"hreflang": "hr",
"text": "Hrvatski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Ido",
"hreflang": "io",
"text": "Ido"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Iloko",
"hreflang": "ilo",
"text": "Ilokano"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Indonesian",
"hreflang": "id",
"text": "Bahasa Indonesia"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Interlingua",
"hreflang": "ia",
"text": "Interlingua"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Interlingue",
"hreflang": "ie",
"text": "Interlingue"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)",
"title": "Сатурн (планетæ) – Ossetic",
"hreflang": "os",
"text": "Ирон"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISaturn_(i-astronomy)",
"title": "ISaturn (i-astronomy) – Xhosa",
"hreflang": "xh",
"text": "IsiXhosa"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNomaxhama",
"title": "UNomaxhama – Zulu",
"hreflang": "zu",
"text": "IsiZulu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BArnus_(reikistjarna)",
"title": "Satúrnus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic",
"hreflang": "is",
"text": "Íslenska"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)",
"title": "Saturno (astronomia) – Italian",
"hreflang": "it",
"text": "Italiano"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99",
"title": "שבתאי – Hebrew",
"hreflang": "he",
"text": "עברית"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Javanese",
"hreflang": "jv",
"text": "Jawa"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirini",
"title": "Satirini – Kabiye",
"hreflang": "kbp",
"text": "Kabɩyɛ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)",
"title": "ಶನಿ (ಗ್ರಹ) – Kannada",
"hreflang": "kn",
"text": "ಕನ್ನಡ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu",
"title": "Saturnu – Pampanga",
"hreflang": "pam",
"text": "Kapampangan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98",
"title": "სატურნი – Georgian",
"hreflang": "ka",
"text": "ქართული"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86",
"title": "شیٚن – Kashmiri",
"hreflang": "ks",
"text": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturna",
"title": "Saturna – Kashubian",
"hreflang": "csb",
"text": "Kaszëbsczi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Kazakh",
"hreflang": "kk",
"text": "Қазақша"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planet)",
"title": "Sadorn (planet) – Cornish",
"hreflang": "kw",
"text": "Kernowek"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohali",
"title": "Zohali – Swahili",
"hreflang": "sw",
"text": "Kiswahili"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Komi",
"hreflang": "kv",
"text": "Коми"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne",
"title": "Saturne – Kongo",
"hreflang": "kg",
"text": "Kongo"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_(plan%C3%A8t)",
"title": "Satin (planèt) – Haitian Creole",
"hreflang": "ht",
"text": "Kreyòl ayisyen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirn_(plan%C3%A8t)",
"title": "Satirn (planèt) – Guianan Creole",
"hreflang": "gcr",
"text": "Kriyòl gwiyannen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(gerst%C3%AArk)",
"title": "Saturn (gerstêrk) – Kurdish",
"hreflang": "ku",
"text": "Kurdî"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Kyrgyz",
"hreflang": "ky",
"text": "Кыргызча"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Ladin",
"hreflang": "lld",
"text": "Ladin"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2",
"title": "ດາວເສົາ – Lao",
"hreflang": "lo",
"text": "ລາວ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturnus (planeta) – Latin",
"hreflang": "la",
"text": "Latina"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturns_(plan%C4%93ta)",
"title": "Saturns (planēta) – Latvian",
"hreflang": "lv",
"text": "Latviešu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Plan%C3%A9it)",
"title": "Saturn (Planéit) – Luxembourgish",
"hreflang": "lb",
"text": "Lëtzebuergesch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Lezghian",
"hreflang": "lez",
"text": "Лезги"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnas",
"title": "Saturnas – Lithuanian",
"hreflang": "lt",
"text": "Lietuvių"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBrno_(astronomia)",
"title": "Satûrno (astronomia) – Ligurian",
"hreflang": "lij",
"text": "Ligure"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)",
"title": "Saturnus (planeet) – Limburgish",
"hreflang": "li",
"text": "Limburgs"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun%C3%A9",
"title": "Satuné – Lingala",
"hreflang": "ln",
"text": "Lingála"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Lingua Franca Nova",
"hreflang": "lfn",
"text": "Lingua Franca Nova"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Livvi-Karelian",
"hreflang": "olo",
"text": "Livvinkarjala"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/saturn",
"title": "saturn – Lojban",
"hreflang": "jbo",
"text": "La .lojban."
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(pianeta)",
"title": "Saturno (pianeta) – Lombard",
"hreflang": "lmo",
"text": "Lombard"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaturnusz",
"title": "Szaturnusz – Hungarian",
"hreflang": "hu",
"text": "Magyar"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Macedonian",
"hreflang": "mk",
"text": "Македонски"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiorna_(planeta)",
"title": "Satiorna (planeta) – Malagasy",
"hreflang": "mg",
"text": "Malagasy"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF",
"title": "ശനി – Malayalam",
"hreflang": "ml",
"text": "മലയാളം"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pjaneta)",
"title": "Saturnu (pjaneta) – Maltese",
"hreflang": "mt",
"text": "Malti"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9",
"title": "शनी ग्रह – Marathi",
"hreflang": "mr",
"text": "मराठी"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)",
"title": "მარსქული (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian",
"hreflang": "xmf",
"text": "მარგალური"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Egyptian Arabic",
"hreflang": "arz",
"text": "مصرى"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86",
"title": "کنوون – Mazanderani",
"hreflang": "mzn",
"text": "مازِرونی"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhal",
"title": "Zuhal – Malay",
"hreflang": "ms",
"text": "Bahasa Melayu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4",
"title": "ꯊꯥꯡꯆ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri",
"hreflang": "mni",
"text": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Minangkabau",
"hreflang": "min",
"text": "Minangkabau"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-s%C4%ADng",
"title": "Tū-sĭng – Mindong",
"hreflang": "cdo",
"text": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Mirandese",
"hreflang": "mwl",
"text": "Mirandés"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)",
"title": "Сатурн (шары тяште) – Moksha",
"hreflang": "mdf",
"text": "Мокшень"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80",
"title": "Санчир – Mongolian",
"hreflang": "mn",
"text": "Монгол"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA",
"title": "စနေဂြိုဟ် – Burmese",
"hreflang": "my",
"text": "မြန်မာဘာသာ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzimic%C4%ABtlalli",
"title": "Tzitzimicītlalli – Nahuatl",
"hreflang": "nah",
"text": "Nāhuatl"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Nigerian Pidgin",
"hreflang": "pcm",
"text": "Naijá"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Fijian",
"hreflang": "fj",
"text": "Na Vosa Vakaviti"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)",
"title": "Saturnus (planeet) – Dutch",
"hreflang": "nl",
"text": "Nederlands"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)",
"title": "Saturnus (planeet) – Low Saxon",
"hreflang": "nds-NL",
"text": "Nedersaksies"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9",
"title": "शनिग्रह – Nepali",
"hreflang": "ne",
"text": "नेपाली"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81",
"title": "संनगु – Newari",
"hreflang": "new",
"text": "नेपाल भाषा"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Japanese",
"hreflang": "ja",
"text": "日本語"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Neapolitan",
"hreflang": "nap",
"text": "Napulitano"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE",
"title": "ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko",
"hreflang": "nqo",
"text": "ߒߞߏ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Chechen",
"hreflang": "ce",
"text": "Нохчийн"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Northern Frisian",
"hreflang": "frr",
"text": "Nordfriisk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Norwegian Bokmål",
"hreflang": "nb",
"text": "Norsk bokmål"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Saturn",
"title": "Planeten Saturn – Norwegian Nynorsk",
"hreflang": "nn",
"text": "Norsk nynorsk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planete)",
"title": "Saturne (planete) – Novial",
"hreflang": "nov",
"text": "Novial"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturne (planeta) – Occitan",
"hreflang": "oc",
"text": "Occitan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF",
"title": "ଶନି – Odia",
"hreflang": "or",
"text": "ଓଡ଼ିଆ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafqubeellaa",
"title": "Lafqubeellaa – Oromo",
"hreflang": "om",
"text": "Oromoo"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Uzbek",
"hreflang": "uz",
"text": "Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)",
"title": "ਸ਼ਨੀ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi",
"hreflang": "pa",
"text": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Western Punjabi",
"hreflang": "pnb",
"text": "پنجابی"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Pashto",
"hreflang": "ps",
"text": "پښتو"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoern",
"title": "Satoern – Jamaican Creole English",
"hreflang": "jam",
"text": "Patois"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8D",
"title": "ភពសៅរ៍ – Khmer",
"hreflang": "km",
"text": "ភាសាខ្មែរ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(pianeta)",
"title": "Saturn (pianeta) – Piedmontese",
"hreflang": "pms",
"text": "Piemontèis"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)",
"title": "Saturn (Planet) – Low German",
"hreflang": "nds",
"text": "Plattdüütsch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Polish",
"hreflang": "pl",
"text": "Polski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Portuguese",
"hreflang": "pt",
"text": "Português"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturn (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak",
"hreflang": "kaa",
"text": "Qaraqalpaqsha"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zual",
"title": "Zual – Crimean Tatar",
"hreflang": "crh",
"text": "Qırımtatarca"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Colognian",
"hreflang": "ksh",
"text": "Ripoarisch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Romanian",
"hreflang": "ro",
"text": "Română"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani",
"title": "Shani – Vlax Romani",
"hreflang": "rmy",
"text": "Romani čhib"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)",
"title": "Saturn (planet) – Romansh",
"hreflang": "rm",
"text": "Rumantsch"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawcha",
"title": "Hawcha – Quechua",
"hreflang": "qu",
"text": "Runa Simi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Rusyn",
"hreflang": "rue",
"text": "Русиньскый"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Russian",
"hreflang": "ru",
"text": "Русский"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Yakut",
"hreflang": "sah",
"text": "Саха тыла"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83",
"title": "शनिः – Sanskrit",
"hreflang": "sa",
"text": "संस्कृतम्"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E",
"title": "ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali",
"hreflang": "sat",
"text": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)",
"title": "Saturnu (praneta) – Sardinian",
"hreflang": "sc",
"text": "Sardu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Scots",
"hreflang": "sco",
"text": "Scots"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Saterland Frisian",
"hreflang": "stq",
"text": "Seeltersk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturni",
"title": "Saturni – Albanian",
"hreflang": "sq",
"text": "Shqip"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pianeta)",
"title": "Saturnu (pianeta) – Sicilian",
"hreflang": "scn",
"text": "Sicilianu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80",
"title": "සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala",
"hreflang": "si",
"text": "සිංහල"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Simple English",
"hreflang": "en-simple",
"text": "Simple English"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Sindhi",
"hreflang": "sd",
"text": "سنڌي"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Slovak",
"hreflang": "sk",
"text": "Slovenčina"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Slovenian",
"hreflang": "sl",
"text": "Slovenščina"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A",
"title": "Кронъ – Church Slavic",
"hreflang": "cu",
"text": "Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Silesian",
"hreflang": "szl",
"text": "Ślůnski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raage",
"title": "Raage – Somali",
"hreflang": "so",
"text": "Soomaaliga"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86",
"title": "کەیوان – Central Kurdish",
"hreflang": "ckb",
"text": "کوردی"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Serbian",
"hreflang": "sr",
"text": "Српски / srpski"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Serbo-Croatian",
"hreflang": "sh",
"text": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Sundanese",
"hreflang": "su",
"text": "Sunda"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Finnish",
"hreflang": "fi",
"text": "Suomi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Swedish",
"hreflang": "sv",
"text": "Svenska"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturno (planeta) – Tagalog",
"hreflang": "tl",
"text": "Tagalog"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)",
"title": "சனி (கோள்) – Tamil",
"hreflang": "ta",
"text": "தமிழ்"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Tachelhit",
"hreflang": "shi",
"text": "Taclḥit"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Tatar",
"hreflang": "tt",
"text": "Татарча / tatarça"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82",
"title": "శని గ్రహం – Telugu",
"hreflang": "te",
"text": "తెలుగు"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)",
"title": "Saturnu (planeta) – Tetum",
"hreflang": "tet",
"text": "Tetun"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C",
"title": "ดาวเสาร์ – Thai",
"hreflang": "th",
"text": "ไทย"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB",
"title": "Зуҳал – Tajik",
"hreflang": "tg",
"text": "Тоҷикӣ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82",
"title": "ᏌᏓᏂ – Cherokee",
"hreflang": "chr",
"text": "ᏣᎳᎩ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BCrn",
"title": "Satürn – Turkish",
"hreflang": "tr",
"text": "Türkçe"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Turkmen",
"hreflang": "tk",
"text": "Türkmençe"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun",
"title": "Satun – Tyap",
"hreflang": "kcg",
"text": "Tyap"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD",
"title": "Сатурн – Tuvinian",
"hreflang": "tyv",
"text": "Тыва дыл"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)",
"title": "Сатурн (планета) – Ukrainian",
"hreflang": "uk",
"text": "Українська"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84",
"title": "زحل – Urdu",
"hreflang": "ur",
"text": "اردو"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%86",
"title": "ساتۇرن – Uyghur",
"hreflang": "ug",
"text": "ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqnamh",
"title": "Ndaundeiqnamh – Zhuang",
"hreflang": "za",
"text": "Vahcuengh"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)",
"title": "Saturno (astronomia) – Venetian",
"hreflang": "vec",
"text": "Vèneto"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Veps",
"hreflang": "vep",
"text": "Vepsän kel’"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Th%E1%BB%95",
"title": "Sao Thổ – Vietnamese",
"hreflang": "vi",
"text": "Tiếng Việt"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Volapük",
"hreflang": "vo",
"text": "Volapük"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Võro",
"hreflang": "vro",
"text": "Võro"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBne_(planete)",
"title": "Satûne (planete) – Walloon",
"hreflang": "wa",
"text": "Walon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Literary Chinese",
"hreflang": "lzh",
"text": "文言"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)",
"title": "Saturnus (planete) – West Flemish",
"hreflang": "vls",
"text": "West-Vlams"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno",
"title": "Saturno – Waray",
"hreflang": "war",
"text": "Winaray"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Wu",
"hreflang": "wuu",
"text": "吴语"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F",
"title": "סאטורן – Yiddish",
"hreflang": "yi",
"text": "ייִדיש"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%BArn%C3%B9",
"title": "Sátúrnù – Yoruba",
"hreflang": "yo",
"text": "Yorùbá"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Cantonese",
"hreflang": "yue",
"text": "粵語"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Zazaki",
"hreflang": "diq",
"text": "Zazaki"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)",
"title": "Saturnus (planete) – Zeelandic",
"hreflang": "zea",
"text": "Zeêuws"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satorns",
"title": "Satorns – Samogitian",
"hreflang": "sgs",
"text": "Žemaitėška"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F",
"title": "土星 – Chinese",
"hreflang": "zh",
"text": "中文"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johal",
"title": "Johal – Betawi",
"hreflang": "bew",
"text": "Betawi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus",
"title": "Saturnus – Batak Mandailing",
"hreflang": "btm",
"text": "Batak Mandailing"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "Saturn – Talysh",
"hreflang": "tly",
"text": "Tolışi"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93",
"title": "ⴰⴳⵔⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight",
"hreflang": "zgh",
"text": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193#sitelinks-wikipedia",
"title": "Edit interlanguage links",
"text": "Edit links"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn",
"title": "View the content page [c]",
"text": "Article"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Talk:Saturn",
"title": "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]",
"rel": "discussion",
"text": "Talk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn",
"text": "Read"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit",
"title": "This page is protected.\nYou can view its source [e]",
"text": "View source"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=history",
"title": "Past revisions of this page [h]",
"text": "View history"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn",
"text": "Read"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit",
"text": "View source"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=history",
"text": "View history"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Saturn",
"title": "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]",
"text": "What links here"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Saturn",
"title": "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]",
"rel": "nofollow",
"text": "Related changes"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard",
"title": "Upload files [u]",
"text": "Upload file"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Special:SpecialPages",
"title": "A list of all special pages [q]",
"text": "Special pages"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&oldid=1259857151",
"title": "Permanent link to this revision of this page",
"text": "Permanent link"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=info",
"title": "More information about this page",
"text": "Page information"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Saturn&id=1259857151&wpFormIdentifier=titleform",
"title": "Information on how to cite this page",
"text": "Cite this page"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaturn",
"text": "Get shortened URL"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaturn",
"text": "Download QR code"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Saturn&action=show-download-screen",
"title": "Download this page as a PDF file",
"text": "Download as PDF"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/w/index.php?title=Saturn&printable=yes",
"title": "Printable version of this page [p]",
"text": "Printable version"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saturn",
"hreflang": "en",
"text": "Wikimedia Commons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Saturn",
"hreflang": "en",
"text": "Wikibooks"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saturn",
"hreflang": "en",
"text": "Wikiquote"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy/Saturn",
"hreflang": "en",
"text": "Wikisource"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Gases/Gaseous_objects/Saturn",
"hreflang": "en",
"text": "Wikiversity"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193",
"title": "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]",
"text": "Wikidata item"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
"url": "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png",
"alt": "Featured article"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*",
"title": "This is a featured article. Click here for more information."
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
"url": "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png",
"alt": "Page semi-protected"
},
{
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"title": "Help:IPA/English",
"text": "/ˈkroʊniən/"
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{
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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"text": "[34]"
},
{
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{
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},
{
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"text": "kappa"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rho",
"title": "Rho",
"text": "rho"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation#Forms",
"title": "Scribal abbreviation",
"text": "horizontal stroke"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cronus",
"title": "Cronus",
"text": "Cronus"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
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"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(late_classical_and_medieval_mss).png"
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{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-jones-1999-38",
"text": "[35]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Eta",
"title": "Eta",
"text": "eta"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturday",
"title": "Saturday",
"text": "Saturday"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-days-39",
"text": "[36]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gas_giant",
"title": "Gas giant",
"text": "gas giant"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-melosh2011-40",
"text": "[37]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Oblate_spheroid",
"title": "Oblate spheroid",
"text": "oblate spheroid"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Flattening",
"title": "Flattening",
"text": "flattened"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Geographical_pole",
"title": "Geographical pole",
"text": "poles"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Equatorial_bulge",
"title": "Equatorial bulge",
"text": "bulging"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Equator",
"title": "Equator",
"text": "equator"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-fact-7",
"text": "[6]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Uranus",
"title": "Uranus",
"text": "Uranus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Neptune",
"title": "Neptune",
"text": "Neptune"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Escape_velocity",
"title": "Escape velocity",
"text": "escape velocity"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Gregersen2010-41",
"text": "[38]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-preserve-42",
"text": "[39]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planetary_core",
"title": "Planetary core",
"text": "core"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Relative_density",
"title": "Relative density",
"text": "specific density"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Earth_mass",
"title": "Earth mass",
"text": "Earth's mass"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Jupiter_fact-43",
"text": "[40]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-fact-7",
"text": "[6]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-44",
"text": "[41]"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gas",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ideal_solution",
"title": "Ideal solution",
"text": "non-ideal liquid"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-44",
"text": "[41]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)",
"title": "Volatile (astrogeology)",
"text": "volatiles"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45",
"text": "[42]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Jupiter",
"title": "Jupiter",
"text": "Jupiter"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hydrogen",
"title": "Hydrogen",
"text": "hydrogen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-46",
"text": "[43]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gravitational_moment",
"title": "Gravitational moment",
"text": "gravitational moment"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-science305_5689_1414-47",
"text": "[44]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-apj609_2_1170-48",
"text": "[45]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-49",
"text": "[46]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-50",
"text": "[47]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen",
"title": "Metallic hydrogen",
"text": "metallic hydrogen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen",
"title": "Molecular hydrogen",
"text": "molecular hydrogen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-faure_mensing2007-51",
"text": "[48]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52",
"text": "[49]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-53",
"text": "[50]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Thermal_energy",
"title": "Thermal energy",
"text": "thermal energy"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism",
"title": "Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism",
"text": "Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gravitational_compression",
"title": "Gravitational compression",
"text": "gravitational compression"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Friction",
"title": "Friction",
"text": "friction"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-54",
"text": "[51]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-nasa_saturn-55",
"text": "[52]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45",
"text": "[42]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Diamond",
"title": "Diamond",
"text": "diamonds"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-SC-20131009-56",
"text": "[53]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ice_giant",
"title": "Ice giant",
"text": "ice giants"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-WP-20170825-57",
"text": "[54]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45",
"text": "[42]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Metallicity",
"title": "Metallicity",
"text": "metallicity"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Formation_of_the_Solar_System",
"title": "Formation of the Solar System",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-science286-58",
"text": "[55]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Acetylene",
"title": "Acetylene",
"text": "acetylene"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ethane",
"title": "Ethane",
"text": "ethane"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"title": "Propane",
"text": "propane"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Phosphine",
"title": "Phosphine",
"text": "phosphine"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Methane",
"title": "Methane",
"text": "methane"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-baas15_831-59",
"text": "[56]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-cain2009_24029-60",
"text": "[57]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-pfsaa2008-61",
"text": "[58]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide",
"title": "Ammonium hydrosulfide",
"text": "ammonium hydrosulfide"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-martinez20050905-62",
"text": "[59]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation",
"title": "Ultraviolet radiation",
"text": "Ultraviolet radiation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Photolysis",
"title": "Photolysis",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"title": "Hydrocarbon",
"text": "hydrocarbon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Eddies",
"title": "Eddies",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-pfsaa2008-61",
"text": "[58]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-63",
"text": "[60]"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Voyager_Space_Probe",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"title": "Telescope",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-emp105_2_143-64",
"text": "[61]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Bar_(unit)",
"title": "Bar (unit)",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-65",
"text": "[62]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "Hubble Space Telescope"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Great_White_Spot",
"title": "Great White Spot",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Summer_solstice",
"title": "Summer solstice",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-icarus176_1_155-66",
"text": "[63]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-67",
"text": "[64]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Very_Large_Array",
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"text": "Very Large Array"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-68",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-69",
"text": "[66]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens",
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},
{
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"url": "/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-MCP-71",
"text": "[68]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"title": "Infrared",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "[69]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-73",
"text": "[70]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NYT-20140806-74",
"text": "[71]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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"text": "[73]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "[74]"
},
{
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"url": "/wiki/Standing_wave",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "[76]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "jet stream"
},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/NASA",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "[78]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-82",
"text": "[79]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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"text": "[81]"
},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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{
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},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
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},
{
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},
{
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{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Voyager_1",
"title": "Voyager 1",
"text": "Voyager 1"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-92",
"text": "[89]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-benton2006-93",
"text": "[90]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-94",
"text": "[91]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-cain2008_15298-95",
"text": "[92]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Anderson2007-96",
"text": "[93]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring",
"title": "Rings of Saturn",
"text": "C Ring"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NASA-20190118-20",
"text": "[17]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-APJ-20190117-21",
"text": "[18]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Enceladus",
"title": "Enceladus",
"text": "Enceladus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-97",
"text": "[94]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-science316_5823_442-98",
"text": "[95]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-science316_5823_380-99",
"text": "[96]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Trojan_asteroid",
"title": "Trojan asteroid",
"text": "trojan asteroids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Lagrangian_point",
"title": "Lagrangian point",
"text": "Lagrangian points"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Mars",
"title": "Mars",
"text": "Mars"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Orbital_resonance",
"title": "Orbital resonance",
"text": "Orbital resonance"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Secular_resonance",
"title": "Secular resonance",
"text": "secular resonance"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-100",
"text": "[97]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn",
"title": "Moons of Saturn",
"text": "Moons of Saturn"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
"url": "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/400px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Natural_satellite",
"title": "Natural satellite",
"text": "moons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-UBC-20230511-13",
"text": "[12]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-JPLmoons-12",
"text": "[11]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Ashton2021-101",
"text": "[98]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Moonlet",
"title": "Moonlet",
"text": "moonlets"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-102",
"text": "[99]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Titan_(moon)",
"title": "Titan (moon)",
"text": "Titan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-brunier2005-103",
"text": "[100]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rhea_(moon)",
"title": "Rhea (moon)",
"text": "Rhea"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea",
"title": "Rings of Rhea",
"text": "ring system of its own"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Jones2008-104",
"text": "[101]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Atmosphere",
"title": "Atmosphere",
"text": "atmosphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-atkinson20101126-105",
"text": "[102]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-106",
"text": "[103]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ryan20101126-107",
"text": "[104]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Saturn_moons-108",
"text": "[105]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Titans",
"title": "Titans",
"text": "Titans"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Solar_System",
"title": "Solar System",
"text": "Solar System"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan",
"title": "Atmosphere of Titan",
"text": "atmosphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-109",
"text": "[106]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-110",
"text": "[107]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Organic_chemistry",
"title": "Organic chemistry",
"text": "organic chemistry"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan",
"title": "Lakes of Titan",
"text": "hydrocarbon lakes"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-111",
"text": "[108]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-112",
"text": "[109]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa",
"title": "Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía",
"text": "IAA-CSIC"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon",
"title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon",
"text": "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Upper_atmosphere",
"title": "Upper atmosphere",
"text": "upper atmosphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis",
"title": "PAH world hypothesis",
"text": "possible precursor for life"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-IAA-20130606-113",
"text": "[110]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Nitrogen",
"title": "Nitrogen",
"text": "nitrogen"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Oort_cloud",
"title": "Oort cloud",
"text": "Oort cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Comet",
"title": "Comet",
"text": "comets"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NASA-201450623-114",
"text": "[111]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Enceladus",
"title": "Enceladus",
"text": "Enceladus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NS-20080326-115",
"text": "[112]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planetary_habitability",
"title": "Planetary habitability",
"text": "habitat"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Microorganism",
"title": "Microorganism",
"text": "microbial life"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-116",
"text": "[113]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-madrigal20090624-117",
"text": "[114]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-spotts20050928-118",
"text": "[115]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-119",
"text": "[116]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ice",
"title": "Ice",
"text": "ice"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-120",
"text": "[117]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-121",
"text": "[118]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-122",
"text": "[119]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Methanogenesis",
"title": "Methanogenesis",
"text": "methanogenesis"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-nasa20170413-123",
"text": "[120]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#A_Ring",
"title": "Rings of Saturn",
"text": "A Ring"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NASA-20140414a-124",
"text": "[121]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn",
"title": "Rings of Saturn",
"text": "Rings of Saturn"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/File:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_(2004-10-06).jpg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn",
"title": "Rings of Saturn",
"text": "rings of Saturn"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens",
"title": "Cassini–Huygens",
"text": "Cassini"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52",
"text": "[49]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planetary_ring",
"title": "Planetary ring",
"text": "planetary rings"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52",
"text": "[49]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Tholin",
"title": "Tholin",
"text": "tholin"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Carbon",
"title": "Carbon",
"text": "carbon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-125",
"text": "[122]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-126",
"text": "[123]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gas_giant",
"title": "Gas giant",
"text": "gas giants"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System",
"title": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System",
"text": "created simultaneously with Saturn from the original nebular material"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-127",
"text": "[124]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment",
"title": "Late Heavy Bombardment",
"text": "LHB"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-128",
"text": "[125]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-129",
"text": "[126]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-130",
"text": "[127]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NYT-210230928-131",
"text": "[128]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-TAJ-20230927-132",
"text": "[129]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology",
"title": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"text": "MIT"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)",
"title": "Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)",
"text": "″Chrysalis″"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-chrysalis-133",
"text": "[130]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)",
"title": "Phoebe (moon)",
"text": "Phoebe"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Retrograde_motion",
"title": "Retrograde motion",
"text": "retrograde"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-134",
"text": "[131]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Pandora_(moon)",
"title": "Pandora (moon)",
"text": "Pandora"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)",
"title": "Prometheus (moon)",
"text": "Prometheus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Shepherd_moon",
"title": "Shepherd moon",
"text": "shepherd moons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-russell2004-135",
"text": "[132]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Pan_(moon)",
"title": "Pan (moon)",
"text": "Pan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Atlas_(moon)",
"title": "Atlas (moon)",
"text": "Atlas"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-136",
"text": "[133]"
},
{
"path": "IMG@/src",
"url": "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/2200px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg",
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},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg",
"title": "Natural-color mosaic of Cassini narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn's D, C, B, A, and F rings (left to right) taken on 9 May 2007 (distances are to the planet's center)."
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg",
"title": "File:Saturn's rings dark side mosaic.jpg"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Naked_eye",
"title": "Naked eye",
"text": "naked eye"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_probe",
"title": "Space probe",
"text": "space probes"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planetary_flyby",
"title": "Planetary flyby",
"text": "flyby"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Geocentric_orbit",
"title": "Geocentric orbit",
"text": "Earth-orbiting"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_telescope",
"title": "Space telescope",
"text": "observatories"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope",
"title": "Hubble Space Telescope",
"text": "Hubble Space Telescope"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cassini_retirement",
"title": "Cassini retirement",
"text": "its 2017 retirement"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens",
"title": "Cassini–Huygens",
"text": "Cassini"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)",
"title": "Saturn (mythology)",
"text": "Saturn (mythology)"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Saturn",
"title": "Planets in astrology",
"text": "Planets in astrology § Saturn"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-NMM_Saturn_2-137",
"text": "[134]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy",
"title": "Babylonian astronomy",
"text": "Babylonian astronomers"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ptrsl276_1257_43-138",
"text": "[135]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Phaenon",
"title": "Phaenon",
"text": "Phainon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-139",
"text": "[136]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)",
"title": "Saturn (mythology)",
"text": "Saturn"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-140",
"text": "[137]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Roman_mythology",
"title": "Roman mythology",
"text": "ancient Roman mythology"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-141",
"text": "[138]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Greek_mythology",
"title": "Greek mythology",
"text": "Greek god"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cronus",
"title": "Cronus",
"text": "Cronus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Greek_language",
"title": "Greek language",
"text": "Greek"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-142",
"text": "[139]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ptolemy",
"title": "Ptolemy",
"text": "Ptolemy"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)",
"title": "Opposition (astronomy)",
"text": "opposition"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-143",
"text": "[140]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Jyotisha",
"title": "Jyotisha",
"text": "Hindu astrology"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Navagraha",
"title": "Navagraha",
"text": "Navagrahas"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Shani",
"title": "Shani",
"text": "Shani"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-141",
"text": "[138]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-143",
"text": "[140]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Chinese_astrology",
"title": "Chinese astrology",
"text": "Chinese"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)",
"title": "Five elements (Chinese philosophy)",
"text": "Five Elements"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-144",
"text": "[141]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-145",
"text": "[142]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-146",
"text": "[143]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hebrew_language",
"title": "Hebrew language",
"text": "Hebrew"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Shabtai",
"title": "Shabtai",
"text": "Shabbathai"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-147",
"text": "[144]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cassiel",
"title": "Cassiel",
"text": "Cassiel"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Agiel",
"title": "Agiel",
"text": "'Agȋȇl"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hebrew_language",
"title": "Hebrew language",
"text": "Hebrew"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew",
"title": "Romanization of Hebrew",
"text": "romanized"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-TheMagus-148",
"text": "[145]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Demon",
"title": "Demon",
"text": "demon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Zazel_(spirit)",
"title": "Zazel (spirit)",
"text": "Zȃzȇl"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hebrew_language",
"title": "Hebrew language",
"text": "Hebrew"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew",
"title": "Romanization of Hebrew",
"text": "romanized"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-TheMagus-148",
"text": "[145]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-CrystalLinks-149",
"text": "[146]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-TC-20170308-150",
"text": "[147]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Angel",
"title": "Angel",
"text": "great angel"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Solomon#Angels_and_magic",
"title": "Solomon",
"text": "Solomonic magic"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Evocation",
"title": "Evocation",
"text": "love conjurations"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-FE-2014-151",
"text": "[148]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "#cite_note-HP-1998-152",
"text": "[149]"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language",
"title": "Ottoman Turkish language",
"text": "Ottoman Turkish"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Urdu",
"title": "Urdu",
"text": "Urdu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Malay_language",
"title": "Malay language",
"text": "Malay"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Arabic_language",
"title": "Arabic language",
"text": "Arabic language"
},
{
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{
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"url": "/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea",
"title": "Moons of Haumea",
"text": "Haumea"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)",
"title": "Hiʻiaka (moon)",
"text": "Hiʻiaka"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Namaka_(moon)",
"title": "Namaka (moon)",
"text": "Namaka"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Quaoar",
"title": "Quaoar",
"text": "Quaoar"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Weywot",
"title": "Weywot",
"text": "Weywot"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Makemake",
"title": "Makemake",
"text": "Makemake"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1",
"title": "S/2015 (136472) 1",
"text": "S/2015 (136472) 1"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)",
"title": "Gonggong (dwarf planet)",
"text": "Gonggong"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)",
"title": "Xiangliu (moon)",
"text": "Xiangliu"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)",
"title": "Eris (dwarf planet)",
"text": "Eris"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)",
"title": "Dysnomia (moon)",
"text": "Dysnomia"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ring_system",
"title": "Ring system",
"text": "Rings"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Earth",
"title": "Rings of Earth",
"text": "Earth"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter",
"title": "Rings of Jupiter",
"text": "Jovian"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn",
"title": "Rings of Saturn",
"text": "Saturnian"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea",
"title": "Rings of Rhea",
"text": "Rhean"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo",
"title": "Rings of Chariklo",
"text": "Charikloan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings",
"title": "2060 Chiron",
"text": "Chironean"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus",
"title": "Rings of Uranus",
"text": "Uranian"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune",
"title": "Rings of Neptune",
"text": "Neptunian"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Haumea#Ring",
"title": "Haumea",
"text": "Haumean"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Quaoar#Rings",
"title": "Quaoar",
"text": "Quaoarian"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body",
"title": "Small Solar System body",
"text": "SmallSolarSystembodies"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Comet",
"title": "Comet",
"text": "Comets"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Damocloid",
"title": "Damocloid",
"text": "Damocloids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Meteoroid",
"title": "Meteoroid",
"text": "Meteoroids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Minor_planet",
"title": "Minor planet",
"text": "Minor planets"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names",
"title": "Meanings of minor-planet names",
"text": "names and meanings"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Minor-planet_moon",
"title": "Minor-planet moon",
"text": "moons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planetesimal",
"title": "Planetesimal",
"text": "Planetesimal"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Mercury-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Mercury"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Venus-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Venus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids",
"title": "List of Earth-crossing asteroids",
"text": "Earth"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Mars-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Mars"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Jupiter"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Saturn-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Saturn"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Uranus-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Uranus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets",
"title": "List of Neptune-crossing minor planets",
"text": "Neptune"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)",
"title": "Trojan (celestial body)",
"text": "Trojans"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/2013_ND15",
"title": "2013 ND15",
"text": "Venus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Earth_trojan",
"title": "Earth trojan",
"text": "Earth"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Mars_trojan",
"title": "Mars trojan",
"text": "Mars"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Jupiter_trojan",
"title": "Jupiter trojan",
"text": "Jupiter"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)",
"title": "List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)",
"text": "Trojan camp"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)",
"title": "List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)",
"text": "Greek camp"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons",
"title": "Co-orbital configuration",
"text": "Saturn Moons"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Uranus_trojans",
"title": "Uranus trojans",
"text": "Uranus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Neptune_trojan",
"title": "Neptune trojan",
"text": "Neptune"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Near-Earth_object",
"title": "Near-Earth object",
"text": "Near-Earth objects"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Asteroid_belt",
"title": "Asteroid belt",
"text": "Asteroid belt"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Asteroid",
"title": "Asteroid",
"text": "Asteroids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)",
"title": "Ceres (dwarf planet)",
"text": "Ceres"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/4_Vesta",
"title": "4 Vesta",
"text": "Vesta"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/2_Pallas",
"title": "2 Pallas",
"text": "Pallas"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/10_Hygiea",
"title": "10 Hygiea",
"text": "Hygiea"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Active_asteroid",
"title": "Active asteroid",
"text": "active"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000",
"title": "List of minor planets: 1–1000",
"text": "first 1000"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Asteroid_family",
"title": "Asteroid family",
"text": "families"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object",
"title": "Potentially hazardous object",
"text": "PHA"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids",
"title": "List of exceptional asteroids",
"text": "exceptional"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Kirkwood_gap",
"title": "Kirkwood gap",
"text": "Kirkwood gap"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)",
"title": "Centaur (small Solar System body)",
"text": "Centaurs"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Neptune_trojan",
"title": "Neptune trojan",
"text": "Neptune trojans"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object",
"title": "Trans-Neptunian object",
"text": "Trans-Neptunian objects"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Kuiper_belt",
"title": "Kuiper belt",
"text": "Kuiper belt"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object",
"title": "Classical Kuiper belt object",
"text": "Cubewanos"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Plutino",
"title": "Plutino",
"text": "Plutinos"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Detached_object",
"title": "Detached object",
"text": "Detached objects"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Sednoid",
"title": "Sednoid",
"text": "Sednoids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Scattered_disc",
"title": "Scattered disc",
"text": "Scattered disc"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Oort_cloud",
"title": "Oort cloud",
"text": "Oort cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hills_cloud",
"title": "Hills cloud",
"text": "Hills cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects",
"title": "List of hypothetical Solar System objects",
"text": "Hypothetical objects"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model",
"title": "Five-planet Nice model",
"text": "Fifth giant"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)",
"title": "Nemesis (hypothetical star)",
"text": "Nemesis"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)",
"title": "Phaeton (hypothetical planet)",
"text": "Phaeton"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planet_Nine",
"title": "Planet Nine",
"text": "Planet Nine"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planet_V",
"title": "Planet V",
"text": "Planet V"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X",
"title": "Planets beyond Neptune",
"text": "Planet X"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Subsatellite",
"title": "Subsatellite",
"text": "Subsatellites"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Theia_(planet)",
"title": "Theia (planet)",
"text": "Theia"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)",
"title": "Tyche (hypothetical planet)",
"text": "Tyche"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)",
"title": "Vulcan (hypothetical planet)",
"text": "Vulcan"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Vulcanoid",
"title": "Vulcanoid",
"text": "Vulcanoids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_exploration",
"title": "Space exploration",
"text": "Exploration"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration",
"title": "Outline of space exploration",
"text": "outline"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_colonization",
"title": "Space colonization",
"text": "Colonization"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System",
"title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System",
"text": "Discovery"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Astronomy",
"title": "Astronomy",
"text": "astronomy"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System",
"title": "Historical models of the Solar System",
"text": "historical models"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons",
"title": "Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons",
"text": "timeline"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_probe",
"title": "Space probe",
"text": "Space probes"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration",
"title": "Timeline of Solar System exploration",
"text": "timeline"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes",
"title": "List of Solar System probes",
"text": "list"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Human_spaceflight",
"title": "Human spaceflight",
"text": "Human spaceflight"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Space_station",
"title": "Space station",
"text": "space stations"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft",
"title": "List of crewed spacecraft",
"text": "list"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs",
"title": "Human spaceflight programs",
"text": "programs"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury",
"title": "Exploration of Mercury",
"text": "Mercury"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus",
"title": "Observations and explorations of Venus",
"text": "Venus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon",
"title": "Exploration of the Moon",
"text": "Moon"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Lunar_resources",
"title": "Lunar resources",
"text": "mining"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars",
"title": "Exploration of Mars",
"text": "Mars"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration",
"title": "Ceres (dwarf planet)",
"text": "Ceres"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration",
"title": "Asteroid",
"text": "Asteroids"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Asteroid_mining",
"title": "Asteroid mining",
"text": "mining"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets",
"title": "List of missions to comets",
"text": "Comets"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter",
"title": "Exploration of Jupiter",
"text": "Jupiter"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn",
"title": "Exploration of Saturn",
"text": "Saturn"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus",
"title": "Exploration of Uranus",
"text": "Uranus"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune",
"title": "Exploration of Neptune",
"text": "Neptune"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto",
"title": "Exploration of Pluto",
"text": "Pluto"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Deep_space_exploration",
"title": "Deep space exploration",
"text": "Deep space"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System",
"title": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System",
"text": "Formation,evolution"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Star_formation",
"title": "Star formation",
"text": "Star formation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)",
"title": "Accretion (astrophysics)",
"text": "Accretion"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Accretion_disk",
"title": "Accretion disk",
"text": "Accretion disk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk",
"title": "Accretion disk",
"text": "Excretion disk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk",
"title": "Circumplanetary disk",
"text": "Circumplanetary disk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Circumstellar_disc",
"title": "Circumstellar disc",
"text": "Circumstellar disc"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope",
"title": "Circumstellar envelope",
"text": "Circumstellar envelope"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)",
"title": "Coatlicue (star)",
"text": "Coatlicue"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Cosmic_dust",
"title": "Cosmic dust",
"text": "Cosmic dust"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Debris_disk",
"title": "Debris disk",
"text": "Debris disk"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Detached_object",
"title": "Detached object",
"text": "Detached object"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer",
"title": "Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer",
"text": "EXCEDE"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust",
"title": "Exozodiacal dust",
"text": "Exozodiacal dust"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials",
"title": "Extraterrestrial materials",
"text": "Extraterrestrial materials"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation",
"title": "Extraterrestrial sample curation",
"text": "Sample curation"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Sample-return_mission",
"title": "Sample-return mission",
"text": "Sample-return mission"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)",
"title": "Frost line (astrophysics)",
"text": "Frost/Ice/Snow line"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis",
"title": "Giant-impact hypothesis",
"text": "Giant-impact hypothesis"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Gravitational_collapse",
"title": "Gravitational collapse",
"text": "Gravitational collapse"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hills_cloud",
"title": "Hills cloud",
"text": "Hills cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Hill_sphere",
"title": "Hill sphere",
"text": "Hill sphere"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud",
"title": "Interplanetary dust cloud",
"text": "Interplanetary dust cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Interplanetary_medium",
"title": "Interplanetary medium",
"text": "Interplanetary medium/space"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Interstellar_cloud",
"title": "Interstellar cloud",
"text": "Interstellar cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Interstellar_medium",
"title": "Interstellar medium",
"text": "Interstellar medium"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space",
"title": "Outer space",
"text": "Interstellar space"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Kuiper_belt",
"title": "Kuiper belt",
"text": "Kuiper belt"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Kuiper_cliff",
"title": "Kuiper cliff",
"text": "Kuiper cliff"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Molecular_cloud",
"title": "Molecular cloud",
"text": "Molecular cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis",
"title": "Nebular hypothesis",
"text": "Nebular hypothesis"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Oort_cloud",
"title": "Oort cloud",
"text": "Oort cloud"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Outer_space",
"title": "Outer space",
"text": "Outer space"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Planet",
"title": "Planet",
"text": "Planet"
},
{
"path": "A@/href",
"url": "/wiki/Disrupted_planet",
"title": "Disrupted planet",
"text": "Disrupted"
},
{
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span>
<span>Magnetosphere</span>
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<span>Orbit and rotation</span>
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<span>Natural satellites</span>
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<span>Planetary rings</span>
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<span>History of observation and exploration</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span>
<span>Pre-telescopic observation</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span>
<span>Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span>
<span>Spaceflight missions</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span>
<span><i>Cassini–Huygens</i> spacecraft</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span>
<span>Possible future missions</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
<span>Observation</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>
<span>In science fiction</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
<span>See also</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>
<span>Notes</span>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>
<span>References</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>
<span>Further reading</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>
<span>External links</span>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%85%E1%8D%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ማህፈድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማህፈድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="शनि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शनि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6tern_(tungol)" title="Sætern (tungol) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sætern (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Saturno (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Saturno (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শনি গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শনি গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)" title="Saturnu (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saturnu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनि ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शनि ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BAyno" title="Satúyno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Satúyno" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زوحل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زوحل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শনি গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শনি গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Thó͘-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनि ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शनि ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤེན་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤེན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planedenn)" title="Sadorn (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sadorn (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Бимба (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бимба (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirema_(chindeya)" title="Chirema (chindeya) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirema (chindeya)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Mlisko" title="Chanya la Mlisko – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Mlisko" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu" title="Saturnu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Saturnu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadwrn_(planed)" title="Sadwrn (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sadwrn (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ساتورن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ساتورن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9etin" title="Séetin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séetin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनिग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शनिग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="སྤེན་པ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སྤེན་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Κρόνος (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρόνος (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBren" title="Satûren – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Satûren" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planedo)" title="Saturno (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saturno (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)" title="Saturnu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Saturnu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanigrah" title="Sanigrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanigrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Saturne (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saturne (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Satarn (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Satarn (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarn_(planaid)" title="Sarn (planaid) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sarn (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarn" title="Satarn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Satarn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زؤحل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زؤحل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="શનિ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શનિ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-s%C3%AAn" title="Thú-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Сатурн һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Сатурн һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B1" title="토성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makulu" title="Makulu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makulu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Սատուրն (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սատուրն (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="शनि (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शनि (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Сатурн (планетæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сатурн (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISaturn_(i-astronomy)" title="ISaturn (i-astronomy) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISaturn (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNomaxhama" title="UNomaxhama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNomaxhama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BArnus_(reikistjarna)" title="Satúrnus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Satúrnus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)" title="Saturno (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saturno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99" title="שבתאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבתאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirini" title="Satirini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Satirini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)" title="ಶನಿ (ಗ್ರಹ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶನಿ (ಗ್ರಹ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu" title="Saturnu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saturnu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სატურნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატურნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86" title="شیٚن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیٚن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturna" title="Saturna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Saturna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(planet)" title="Sadorn (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sadorn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohali" title="Zohali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zohali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne" title="Saturne – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Saturne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Satin (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Satin (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirn_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Satirn (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Satirn (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Saturn (gerstêrk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saturn (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2" title="ດາວເສົາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວເສົາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeta)" title="Saturnus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saturnus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturns_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Saturns (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saturns (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Saturn (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saturn (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnas" title="Saturnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saturnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBrno_(astronomia)" title="Satûrno (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Satûrno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun%C3%A9" title="Satuné – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Satuné" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/saturn" title="saturn – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="saturn" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(pianeta)" title="Saturno (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saturno (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaturnusz" title="Szaturnusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaturnusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiorna_(planeta)" title="Satiorna (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Satiorna (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ശനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pjaneta)" title="Saturnu (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Saturnu (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनी ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शनी ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="მარსქული (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარსქული (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="کنوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhal" title="Zuhal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zuhal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%86_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯊꯥꯡꯆ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯥꯡꯆ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-s%C4%ADng" title="Tū-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Сатурн (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сатурн (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Санчир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санчир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="စနေဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စနေဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzimic%C4%ABtlalli" title="Tzitzimicītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tzitzimicītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Saturnus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शनिग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शनिग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="संनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE" title="ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߌ߬ߘߌ߲߬ߕߌ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Saturn" title="Planeten Saturn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Saturn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planete)" title="Saturne (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saturne (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(planeta)" title="Saturne (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saturne (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ଶନି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafqubeellaa" title="Lafqubeellaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafqubeellaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਸ਼ਨੀ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਨੀ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoern" title="Satoern – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Satoern" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8D" title="ភពសៅរ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពសៅរ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(pianeta)" title="Saturn (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saturn (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saturn (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planeta)" title="Saturn (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saturn (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zual" title="Zual – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zual" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani" title="Shani – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shani" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" title="Saturn (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Saturn (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawcha" title="Hawcha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawcha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="शनिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शनिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(praneta)" title="Saturnu (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saturnu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturni" title="Saturni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Saturni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(pianeta)" title="Saturnu (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saturnu (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Кронъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кронъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raage" title="Raage – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raage" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کەیوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەیوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(planeta)" title="Saturno (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saturno (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="சனி (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சனி (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="శని గ్రహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శని గ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(planeta)" title="Saturnu (planeta) – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Saturnu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวเสาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเสาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Зуҳал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зуҳал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82" title="ᏌᏓᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏌᏓᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BCrn" title="Satürn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satürn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun" title="Satun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Satun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сатурн" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатурн (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84" title="زحل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زحل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ساتۇرن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ساتۇرن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqnamh" title="Ndaundeiqnamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqnamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(astronomia)" title="Saturno (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Saturno (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Th%E1%BB%95" title="Sao Thổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Thổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BBne_(planete)" title="Satûne (planete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Satûne (planete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)" title="Saturnus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Saturnus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saturno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="סאטורן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאטורן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%BArn%C3%B9" title="Sátúrnù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sátúrnù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(planete)" title="Saturnus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Saturnus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satorns" title="Satorns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Satorns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johal" title="Johal – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Johal" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⴳⵔⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵔⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sixth planet from the Sun</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the planet. For the deity, see <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saturn (disambiguation)">Saturn (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sixth planet" redirects here. For other systems of numbering planets, see <a href="/wiki/Planet#History_and_etymology" title="Planet">Planet §&#160;History and etymology</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Saturn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/300px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/450px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg/600px-Saturn_during_Equinox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saturn and its prominent rings, as captured by the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i> orbiter<sup id="cite_ref-titan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;">s</span><span title="/æ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;bad&#39;">æ</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span title="/ər/: &#39;er&#39; in &#39;letter&#39;">ər</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span></span>/</a></span>&#32;<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/En-us-Saturn.ogg\/En-us-Saturn.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;En-us-Saturn.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/En-us-Saturn.ogg/En-us-Saturn.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Saturn.ogg" title="File:En-us-Saturn.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-walter2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walter2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Saturnian <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;">s</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span title="/ɜːr/: &#39;ur&#39; in &#39;fur&#39;">ɜːr</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span><span title="/i/: &#39;y&#39; in &#39;happy&#39;">i</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cronian<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> / Kronian<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="&#39;r&#39; in &#39;rye&#39;">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span><span title="/i/: &#39;y&#39; in &#39;happy&#39;">i</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Saturn_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,514.50&#160;million&#160;km (10.1238&#160;AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,352.55&#160;million&#160;km (9.0412&#160;AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,433.53&#160;million&#160;km (9.5826&#160;AU)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998565000000000000♠"></span>0.0565</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001294475000000000♠"></span>29.4475&#160;<a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008929292480000000♠"></span>10,755.70&#160;d</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004242250000000000♠"></span>24,225</span> Saturnian <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a><sup id="cite_ref-JPL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">378.09 days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003968000000000000♠"></span>9.68&#160;km/s</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000553304279467243♠"></span>317.020°</span><sup id="cite_ref-VSOP87_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998433714319120591♠"></span>2.485°</span> to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a><sup id="cite_ref-VSOP87_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998961676417848877♠"></span>5.51°</span> to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a><sup id="cite_ref-VSOP87_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998162315620435473♠"></span>0.93°</span> to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><sup id="cite_ref-Souami_Souchay_2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude&#160;of ascending&#160;node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000198382849427935♠"></span>113.665°</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time&#160;of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2032-Nov-29<sup id="cite_ref-horizons-perihelion_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horizons-perihelion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument&#160;of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000592350785492860♠"></span>339.392°</span><sup id="cite_ref-VSOP87_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">146</a> with formal designations; innumerable additional <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPLmoons_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPLmoons-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UBC-20230511_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-20230511-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat"><span class="anchor" id="Infobox_Physical_characteristics"></span>Physical characteristics<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007582320000000000♠"></span>58<span style="margin-left:.25em;">232</span>&#160;km</span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
<br /><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000914020000000000♠"></span>9.1402&#160;Earths</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007602680000000000♠"></span>60<span style="margin-left:.25em;">268</span>&#160;km</span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000944900000000000♠"></span>9.449</span> Earths</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007543640000000000♠"></span>54<span style="margin-left:.25em;">364</span>&#160;km</span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000855200000000000♠"></span>8.552&#160;Earths</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998979600000000000♠"></span>0.097<span style="margin-left:.25em;">96</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Circumference</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008365882400000000♠"></span>365<span style="margin-left:.25em;">882</span>.4&#160;km</span> (<a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7016426999999999999♠"></span>4.27<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup>&#160;km<sup>2</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-nasafact_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasafact-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001837030000000000♠"></span>83.703&#160;Earths</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023827130000000000♠"></span>8.2713<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>14</sup>&#160;km<sup>3</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002763590000000000♠"></span>763.59&#160;Earths</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7026568340000000000♠"></span>5.6834<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>26</sup>&#160;kg</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001951590000000000♠"></span>95.159&#160;Earths</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002687000000000000♠"></span>0.687&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar_b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />
<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999124600000000000♠"></span>0.1246</span> Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.44&#160;<a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s<sup>2</sup></a><br />1.065&#160;<a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity"><i>g</i><sub>0</sub></a><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999220000000000000♠"></span>0.22</span><sup id="cite_ref-Fortney2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortney2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004355000000000000♠"></span>35.5&#160;km/s</span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 h 32 m 36 s; <br />10.5433 hours,<sup id="cite_ref-CSeligman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeligman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 10 h 39 m; <br />10.7 hours<sup id="cite_ref-JPL_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 33<sup>m</sup> 38<sup>s</sup></span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+<span class="nowrap"> 1<sup>m</sup> 52<sup>s</sup></span></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">&#8722;<span class="nowrap"> 1<sup>m</sup> 19<sup>s</sup></span></sub></span></span>&#8201;</span><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20190118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APJ-20190117_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APJ-20190117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation&#160;velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003987000000000000♠"></span>9.87&#160;km/s</span><sup id="cite_ref-1bar_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">26.73° <span style="font-size:85%;">(to orbit)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North&#160;pole <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40.589°; <span class="nowrap">2<sup>h</sup> 42<sup>m</sup> 21<sup>s</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-iau2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North&#160;pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">83.537°<sup id="cite_ref-iau2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>0.342 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hanel_et_al_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanel_et_al-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li>
<li>0.499 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_et_al_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr>
<th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th>
<th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th>
<th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th>
<th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th>
</tr><tr>
<th style="padding-left:1.0em">1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></th>
<td style="text-align:center"></td>
<td style="text-align:center">134 K</td>
<td style="text-align:center"></td>
</tr><tr>
<th style="padding-left:1.0em">0.1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></th>
<td style="text-align:center">88 K<sup id="cite_ref-min_max_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-min_max-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td>
<td style="text-align:center">97 K<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td>
<td style="text-align:center">151 K<sup id="cite_ref-min_max_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-min_max-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−0.55<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> to +1.17<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude&#160;<i>(H)</i></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−9.7<sup id="cite_ref-IMCCE_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.5″ to 20.1″ (excludes rings)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Atmosphere<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">140&#160;kPa<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">Scale height</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004595000000000000♠"></span>59.5&#160;km</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999963000000000000♠"></span>96.3%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2.4%</span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998325000000000000♠"></span>3.25%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2.4%</span> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997450000000000000♠"></span>0.45%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.2%</span> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996125000000000000♠"></span>0.0125%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.0075%</span> <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996109999999999999♠"></span>0.0110%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.0058%</span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">hydrogen deuteride</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994700000000000000♠"></span>0.0007%<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.00015%</span> <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a></li>
<li>Icy <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Saturn</b> is the sixth <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the second largest in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a>, with an average radius of about nine times that of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Radius_ref_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radius_ref-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radius_ref_2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radius_ref_2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has an eighth the average density of Earth, but is over 95 times more massive.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass_ref_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mass_ref_2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mass_ref_3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_ref_3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Even though Saturn is almost as big as Jupiter, Saturn has less than a third the mass of Jupiter. Saturn orbits the Sun at a distance of 9.59&#160;<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (1,434&#160;million&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>), with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 29.45&#160;years.
</p><p>Saturn's interior is thought to be composed of a rocky core, surrounded by a deep layer of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a>, an intermediate layer of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>, and an outer layer of gas. Saturn has a pale yellow hue, due to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> crystals in its upper atmosphere. An <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">electrical current</a> in the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn's planetary <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, which is weaker than Earth's, but has a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> 580 times that of Earth because of Saturn's greater size. Saturn's magnetic field strength is about a twentieth that of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The outer <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. <a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">Wind speeds</a> on Saturn can reach 1,800 kilometres per hour (1,100 miles per hour).
</p><p>The planet has a bright and extensive <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">system of rings</a>, composed mainly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a>. At least <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">146 moons</a><sup id="cite_ref-MPEC-2023-J49_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEC-2023-J49-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> orbit the planet, of which 63 are officially named; these do not include the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a> in the rings. <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, Saturn's largest moon and the second largest in the Solar System, is larger (and less massive) than the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and is the only moon in the Solar System that has a substantial atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Titan_ref_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titan_ref-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" />
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbol">Name and symbol</h2></div>
<p>Saturn is named after the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">god of wealth and agriculture</a>, who was the father of the god Jupiter. Its <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>)</span> has been traced back to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a>, where it can be seen to be a Greek <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">kappa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> ligature with a <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation#Forms" title="Scribal abbreviation">horizontal stroke</a>, as an abbreviation for <i>Κρονος</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>), the Greek name for the planet (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(late_classical_and_medieval_mss).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/41px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/62px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png/82px-Saturn_symbol_%28late_classical_and_medieval_mss%29.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="91" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-jones-1999_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It later came to look like a lower-case Greek <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize this pagan symbol.
</p><p>The Romans named the seventh day of the week <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a>, <i>Sāturni diēs</i>, "Saturn's Day", for the planet Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-days_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-days-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div>
<p>Saturn is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a>, composed predominantly of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it is likely to have a solid core.<sup id="cite_ref-melosh2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melosh2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The planet's rotation makes it an <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a>—a ball <a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">flattened</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">bulging</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Its equatorial radius is more than 10% larger than the polar radius: 60,268&#160;km versus 54,364&#160;km (37,449&#160;mi versus 33,780&#160;mi).<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are less oblate. The combination of the bulge and the rotation rate means that the effective surface gravity along the equator, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000896000000000000♠"></span>8.96&#160;m/s<sup>2</sup></span>, is 74% of what it is at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth. However, the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a>, nearly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004360000000000000♠"></span>36&#160;km/s</span>, is much higher than that of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregersen2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregersen2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less.<sup id="cite_ref-preserve_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preserve-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> is considerably denser than water, the average <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">specific density</a> of the planet is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002690000000000000♠"></span>0.69&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>, because of the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth's mass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jupiter_fact_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jupiter_fact-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/330px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/495px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_diagram.svg/660px-Saturn_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Saturn, to scale</figcaption></figure><p>Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn's mass is not in the <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a>, because hydrogen becomes a <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">non-ideal liquid</a> when the density is above <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>0.01&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn's mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to be a metal in the deeper layers.<sup id="cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssr152_1_423-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of various <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Analysis of the distortion shows that Saturn is substantially more centrally condensed than <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and therefore contains much more material denser than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> near its center. Saturn's central regions are about 50% hydrogen by mass, and Jupiter's are about 67% hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>This core is similar in composition to Earth, but is more dense. The examination of Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational moment">gravitational moment</a>, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn's core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-science305_5689_1414_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science305_5689_1414-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apj609_2_1170_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj609_2_1170-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000&#160;km (16,000&#160;mi).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, measurements of Saturn's rings suggest a much more diffuse core, with a mass equal to about 17 Earths and a radius equal to about 60% of Saturn's entire radius.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is surrounded by a thicker, liquid <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a> layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>, which gradually transitions to a gas as altitude increases. The outermost layer spans about 1,000&#160;km (620&#160;mi) and consists of gas.<sup id="cite_ref-faure_mensing2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faure_mensing2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700&#160;°C (21,100&#160;°F) at its core, and radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> is generated by the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a> of slow <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_compression" title="Gravitational compression">gravitational compression</a>; but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive. An alternative or additional mechanism may be the generation of heat through the "raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior. As the droplets descend through the lower-density hydrogen, the process releases heat by <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and leaves Saturn's outer layers depleted of helium.<sup id="cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_saturn_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_saturn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These descending droplets may have accumulated into a helium shell surrounding the core.<sup id="cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rainfalls of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> have been suggested to occur within Saturn, as well as in Jupiter<sup id="cite_ref-SC-20131009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-20131009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> Uranus and Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170825_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170825-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div>
<p>The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium by volume. The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-guillot_et_al2009_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillot_et_al2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The quantity of elements heavier than helium (<a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>) is not known precisely, but the proportions are assumed to match the primordial abundances from the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a>. The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19–31 times the mass of Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region.<sup id="cite_ref-science286_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trace amounts of ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> have been detected in Saturn's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-baas15_831_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baas15_831-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain2009_24029_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2009_24029-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pfsaa2008_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfsaa2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SH</span>) or water.<sup id="cite_ref-martinez20050905_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinez20050905-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">Ultraviolet radiation</a> from the Sun causes methane <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> in the upper atmosphere, leading to a series of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> chemical reactions with the resulting products being carried downward by <a href="/wiki/Eddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddies">eddies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical cycle">photochemical cycle</a> is modulated by Saturn's annual seasonal cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-pfsaa2008_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfsaa2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Cassini</i> observed a series of cloud features found in northern latitudes, nicknamed the "String of Pearls". These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloud_layers">Cloud layers</h4></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/220px-Saturn_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/330px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/440px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>A global storm girdles the planet in 2011. The storm passes around the planet, such that the storm's head (bright area) passes its tail.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's, but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are much wider near the equator. The nomenclature used to describe these bands is the same as on Jupiter. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Space_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Space Probe">Voyager</a></i> spacecraft during the 1980s. Since then, Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopy</a> has improved to the point where regular observations can be made.<sup id="cite_ref-emp105_2_143_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emp105_2_143-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure. In the upper cloud layers, with temperatures in the range of 100–160&#160;K and pressures extending between 0.5–2 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>, the clouds consist of ammonia ice. Water <a href="/wiki/Ice_cloud" title="Ice cloud">ice clouds</a> begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, where temperatures range from 185 to 270&#160;K. Intermixed in this layer is a band of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, lying in the pressure range 3–6 bar with temperatures of 190–235&#160;K. Finally, the lower layers, where pressures are between 10 and 20 bar and temperatures are 270–330&#160;K, contains a region of water droplets with ammonia in aqueous solution.<sup id="cite_ref-dougherty_esposito2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Saturn's usually bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter. In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the <i>Voyager</i> encounters, and in 1994 another smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a>, a short-lived phenomenon that occurs once every Saturnian year, roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-icarus176_1_155_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icarus176_1_155-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the best observed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The latest giant storm was observed in 2010. In 2015, researchers used <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> telescope to study Saturnian atmosphere, and reported that they found "long-lasting signatures of all mid-latitude giant storms, a mixture of equatorial storms up to hundreds of years old, and potentially an unreported older storm at 70°N".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's. <i>Voyager</i> data indicate peak easterly winds of 500&#160;m/s (1,800&#160;km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Voyager_Summary_1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In images from the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i> spacecraft during 2007, Saturn's northern hemisphere displayed a bright blue hue, similar to Uranus. The color was most likely caused by <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a> has shown that Saturn's south pole has a warm <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">polar vortex</a>, the only known example of such a phenomenon in the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-MCP_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCP-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Whereas temperatures on Saturn are normally −185&#160;°C, temperatures on the vortex often reach as high as −122&#160;°C, suspected to be the warmest spot on Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-MCP_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCP-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hexagonal_cloud_patterns">Hexagonal cloud patterns</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon" title="Saturn&#39;s hexagon">Saturn's hexagon</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/195px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif/293px-Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rotatingsaturnhexagon.gif 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/189px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/284px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg/378px-Looking_saturn_in_the_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Saturn's north and south pole in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a></div></div></div></div>
<p><span class="anchor" id="North_pole_hexagonal_cloud_pattern"></span><span class="anchor" id="South_pole_vortex"></span>A persisting <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the <i>Voyager</i> images.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140806_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140806-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The sides of the hexagon are each about 14,500&#160;km (9,000&#160;mi) long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Hexagon_ref_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hexagon_ref-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The entire structure rotates with a period of <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 39<sup>m</sup> 24<sup>s</sup></span> (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior.<sup id="cite_ref-science247_4947_1206_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science247_4947_1206-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-pss57_14_1671_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pss57_14_1671-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think it is a <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing wave</a> pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-labmodel_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labmodel-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> reported in November 2006 that <i>Cassini</i> had observed a "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>-like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Eyewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyewall">eyewall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The south pole storm may have been present for billions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-spole_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spole-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This vortex is comparable to the size of Earth, and it has winds of 550&#160;km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-spole_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spole-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Magnetosphere of Saturn</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/220px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/330px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg/440px-Hubble_sees_a_flickering_light_display_on_Saturn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>Auroral lights at Saturn's north pole</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn has an intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> that has a simple, symmetric shape—a magnetic <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a>. Its strength at the equator—0.2&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (20&#160;<a href="/wiki/Microtesla" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtesla">μT</a>)—is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a result, Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> is much smaller than Jupiter's.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag_2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> entered the magnetosphere, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1&#160;million km (684,000&#160;mi),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days.<sup id="cite_ref-atkinson2010_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atkinson2010-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter—by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag_2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> particles from the Sun. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a> particles in Titan's outer atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saturn's magnetosphere, like <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth&#39;s magnetic field">Earth's</a>, produces <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/220px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/330px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif/440px-Solar_system_orrery_outer_planets.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Animation of Saturn and the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Outer_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer planet">outer planets</a> orbiting around the Sun</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions-animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Saturnoppositions-animated.gif" decoding="async" width="175" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>Simulated appearance of Saturn as seen from Earth (at <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>) during an orbit of Saturn, 2001–2029</figcaption></figure>
<p>The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4&#160;billion kilometers (9&#160;<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>). With an average orbital speed of 9.68&#160;km/s,<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">29<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">2</span></span>&#160;years)<sup id="cite_ref-cain2009_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2009-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> to finish one revolution around the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a consequence, it forms a near 5:2 <a href="/wiki/Mean-motion_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean-motion resonance">mean-motion resonance</a> with Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48° relative to the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital plane</a> of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion and aphelion</a> distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957&#160;AU, on average.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude, and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).
</p><p>Astronomers use three different systems for specifying the rotation rate of Saturn. <i>System&#160;I</i> has a period of <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 14<sup>m</sup> 00<sup>s</sup></span> (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, the South Equatorial Belt, and the North Equatorial Belt. The polar regions are considered to have rotation rates similar to <i>System&#160;I</i>. All other Saturnian latitudes, excluding the north and south polar regions, are indicated as <i>System&#160;II</i> and have been assigned a rotation period of <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 38<sup>m</sup> 25.4<sup>s</sup></span> (810.76°/d). <i>System&#160;III</i> refers to Saturn's internal rotation rate. Based on <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio emissions</a> from the planet detected by <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> and <i>Voyager 2</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> System&#160;III has a rotation period of <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 39<sup>m</sup> 22.4<sup>s</sup></span> (810.8°/d). System&#160;III has largely superseded System&#160;II.<sup id="cite_ref-benton2006_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benton2006-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A precise value for the rotation period of the interior remains elusive. While approaching Saturn in 2004, <i>Cassini</i> found that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 45<sup>m</sup> 45<sup>s</sup></span> <span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span><span class="nowrap"> 36<sup>s</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain2008_15298_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15298-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An estimate of Saturn's rotation (as an indicated rotation rate for Saturn as a whole) based on a compilation of various measurements from the <i>Cassini</i>, <i>Voyager</i>, and <i>Pioneer</i> probes is <span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 32<sup>m</sup> 35<sup>s</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2007_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studies of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">C Ring</a> yield a rotation period of <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 33<sup>m</sup> 38<sup>s</sup></span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+<span class="nowrap"> 1<sup>m</sup> 52<sup>s</sup></span></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">&#8722;<span class="nowrap"> 1<sup>m</sup> 19<sup>s</sup></span></sub></span></span> </span>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20190118_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APJ-20190117_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APJ-20190117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2007, it was found that the variation in radio emissions from the planet did not match Saturn's rotation rate. This variance may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>. The water vapor emitted into Saturn's orbit by this activity becomes charged and creates a drag upon Saturn's magnetic field, slowing its rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-science316_5823_442_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science316_5823_442-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-science316_5823_380_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science316_5823_380-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An apparent oddity for Saturn is that it does not have any known <a href="/wiki/Trojan_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan asteroid">trojan asteroids</a>. These are minor planets that orbit the Sun at the stable <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a>, designated L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub>, located at 60° angles to the planet along its orbit. Trojan asteroids have been discovered for <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">Orbital resonance</a> mechanisms, including <a href="/wiki/Secular_resonance" title="Secular resonance">secular resonance</a>, are believed to be the cause of the missing Saturnian trojans.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_satellites">Natural satellites</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Moons of Saturn</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/400px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/600px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg/800px-Saturn%27s_Rings_PIA03550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Artist conception of Saturn, its rings and major icy moons—from Mimas to Rhea</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn has 146 known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, 63 of which have formal names.<sup id="cite_ref-UBC-20230511_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-20230511-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPLmoons_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPLmoons-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is estimated that there are another <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>30</span> outer irregular moons larger than 3&#160;km (2&#160;mi) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashton2021_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashton2021-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a> with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which are not considered to be true moons. <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.<sup id="cite_ref-brunier2005_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunier2005-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saturn's second-largest moon, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, may have a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">ring system of its own</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2008_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> along with a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atkinson20101126_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atkinson20101126-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ryan20101126_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan20101126-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Many of the other moons are small: 131 are less than 50&#160;km in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_moons_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_moons-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a> of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> with a major <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">atmosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in which a complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> occurs. It is the only satellite with <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">hydrocarbon lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 6 June 2013, scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía">IAA-CSIC</a> reported the detection of <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> of Titan, a <a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">possible precursor for life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAA-20130606_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAA-20130606-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 23 June 2014, NASA claimed to have strong evidence that <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-201450623_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-201450623-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets,<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080326_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080326-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> has often been regarded as a potential <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madrigal20090624_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrigal20090624-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spotts20050928_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotts20050928-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an "ocean-like" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2015 flyby by <i>Cassini</i> through a plume on Enceladus found most of the ingredients to sustain life forms that live by <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20170413_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20170413-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon within the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#A_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">A Ring</a>, which was imaged by <i>Cassini</i> on 15 April 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140414a_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140414a-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_rings">Planetary rings</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Rings of Saturn</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_(2004-10-06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/220px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/330px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg/440px-Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282004-10-06%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8888" data-file-height="4544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a> (imaged here by <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i> in October 2004) are the most massive and conspicuous in the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn is probably best known for the system of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary rings</a> that makes it visually unique.<sup id="cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The rings extend from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometres (4,120 to 75,000&#160;mi) outward from Saturn's equator and average approximately 20 metres (66&#160;ft) in thickness. They are composed predominantly of water ice, with trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholin</a> impurities and a peppered coating of approximately 7% amorphous <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10&#160;m.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the other <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.
</p><p>There is a debate on the age of the rings. One side supports that they are ancient, and were <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">created simultaneously with Saturn from the original nebular material</a> (around 4.6&#160;billion years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB</a> (around 4.1 to 3.8&#160;billion years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The other side supports that they are much younger, created around 100 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-210230928_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-210230928-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAJ-20230927_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAJ-20230927-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> research team, supporting the latter theory, proposed that the rings are remnant of a destroyed moon of Saturn, named <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">″Chrysalis″</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chrysalis_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrysalis-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Beyond the main rings, at a distance of 12&#160;million&#160;km (7.5&#160;million&#160;mi) from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring. It is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, orbits in <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a> fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Some of the moons of Saturn, including <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(moon)" title="Pandora (moon)">Pandora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(moon)" title="Prometheus (moon)">Prometheus</a>, act as <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">shepherd moons</a> to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out.<sup id="cite_ref-russell2004_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell2004-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pan_(moon)" title="Pan (moon)">Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(moon)" title="Atlas (moon)">Atlas</a> cause weak, linear density waves in Saturn's rings that have yielded more reliable calculations of their masses.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural-color mosaic of Cassini narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn&#39;s D, C, B, A, and F rings (left to right) taken on 9 May 2007 (distances are to the planet&#39;s center)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/2200px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="2200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/3300px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg/4400px-Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11795" data-file-height="1425" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn%27s_rings_dark_side_mosaic.jpg" title="File:Saturn&#39;s rings dark side mosaic.jpg"> </a></div>Natural-color mosaic of <i>Cassini</i> narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn's D, C, B, A, and F rings (left to right) taken on 9 May 2007 (distances are to the planet's center).</div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_observation_and_exploration">History of observation and exploration</h2></div>
<p>The observation and exploration of Saturn can be divided into three phases: (1) pre-modern observations with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, (2) telescopic observations from Earth beginning in the 17th century, and (3) visitation by <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>, in orbit or on <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flyby</a>. In the 21st century, telescopic observations continue from Earth (including <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth-orbiting</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">observatories</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>) and, until <a href="/wiki/Cassini_retirement" title="Cassini retirement">its 2017 retirement</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i> orbiter around Saturn.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-telescopic_observation">Pre-telescopic observation</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Saturn" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology §&#160;Saturn</a></div>
<p>Saturn has been known since prehistoric times,<sup id="cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn_2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsl276_1257_43_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsl276_1257_43-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In ancient Greek, the planet was known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φαίνων</span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Phaenon" title="Phaenon">Phainon</a></b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in Roman times it was known as the "star of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">ancient Roman mythology</a>, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek god</a> <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>; in modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the planet retains the name <i>Cronus</i>—<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κρόνος</span></span>: <i>Kronos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Greek scientist <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Hindu astrology</a>, there are nine astrological objects, known as <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagrahas</a>. Saturn is known as "<a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a>" and judges everyone based on the good and bad deeds performed in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_in_ancient_mythologies-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ps04_1893_862_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps04_1893_862-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese</a> and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the "earth star" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">土星</span></span>). This was based on <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a> which were traditionally used to classify natural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, Saturn is called <i><a href="/wiki/Shabtai" title="Shabtai">Shabbathai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Its angel is <a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a>. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is <a href="/wiki/Agiel" title="Agiel">'Agȋȇl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אגיאל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿAgyal</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-TheMagus_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMagus-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and its darker spirit (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Zazel_(spirit)" title="Zazel (spirit)">Zȃzȇl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">זאזל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Zazl</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-TheMagus_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMagus-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrystalLinks_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrystalLinks-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC-20170308_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC-20170308-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zazel has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">great angel</a>, invoked in <a href="/wiki/Solomon#Angels_and_magic" title="Solomon">Solomonic magic</a>, who is "effective in <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">love conjurations</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FE-2014_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE-2014-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP-1998_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-1998-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زحل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zuhal</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-CrystalLinks_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrystalLinks-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telescopic_pre-spaceflight_observations">Telescopic pre-spaceflight observations</h3></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/180px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/270px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg/360px-Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> observed the rings of Saturn in 1610, but was unable to determine what they were.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/220px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/330px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg/440px-Saturn_Robert_Hooke_1666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> noted the shadows (<var style="padding-right: 1px;">a</var> and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">b</var>) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of Saturn in 1666.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-binoculars_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binoculars-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> to resolve and thus were not known to exist until <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> saw them in 1655 and published about this in 1659. <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, with his primitive telescope in 1610,<sup id="cite_ref-chan2000_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan2000-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain2008_15390_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15390-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> incorrectly thought of Saturn's appearing not quite round as two moons on Saturn's sides.<sup id="cite_ref-cain2008_15418_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_15418-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain2008_46237_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain2008_46237-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was not until Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted, and the rings were truly seen for the first time. Huygens also discovered Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">moon Titan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> later discovered four other moons: <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini Division">Cassini Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-micek2007_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micek2007-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>No further discoveries of significance were made until 1789 when <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered two further moons, <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>. The irregularly shaped satellite <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonance</a> with Titan, was discovered in 1848 by a British team.<sup id="cite_ref-pa54_122_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa54_122-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pickering" title="William Henry Pickering">William Henry Pickering</a> discovered Phoebe, a highly <a href="/wiki/Irregular_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular satellite">irregular satellite</a> that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do.<sup id="cite_ref-pa54_122_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pa54_122-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Phoebe was the first such satellite found and it took more than a year to orbit Saturn in a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde orbit">retrograde orbit</a>. During the early 20th century, research on Titan led to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere—a feature unique among the Solar System's moons.<sup id="cite_ref-apj100_378_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj100_378-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceflight_missions">Spaceflight missions</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Exploration of Saturn</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pioneer_11_flyby"><i>Pioneer 11</i> flyby</h4></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P11saturnb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/220px-P11saturnb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/330px-P11saturnb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/P11saturnb.jpg/440px-P11saturnb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><i>Pioneer 11</i> image of Saturn</figcaption></figure>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> made the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000&#160;km (12,000&#160;mi) of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at a high <a href="/wiki/Phase_angle_(astronomy)" title="Phase angle (astronomy)">phase angle</a> (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, <i>Pioneer 11</i> measured the temperature of Titan.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyager_flybys"><i>Voyager</i> flybys</h4></div>
<p>In November 1980, the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> probe visited the Saturn system. It sent back the first high-resolution images of the planet, its rings and satellites. Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time. <i>Voyager 1</i> performed a close flyby of Titan, increasing knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon. It proved that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable at <a href="/wiki/Visible_wavelength" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible wavelength">visible wavelengths</a>; therefore no surface details were seen. The flyby changed the spacecraft's trajectory out of the plane of the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-Voyager_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyager-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Almost a year later, in August 1981, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> continued the study of the Saturn system. More close-up images of Saturn's moons were acquired, as well as evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings. During the flyby, the probe's turnable camera platform stuck for a couple of days and some planned imaging was lost. Saturn's gravity was used to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus.<sup id="cite_ref-Voyager_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyager-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The probes discovered and confirmed several new satellites orbiting near or within the planet's rings, as well as the small <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Gap">Maxwell Gap</a> (a gap within the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#C_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">C Ring</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Keeler_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeler gap">Keeler gap</a> (a 42&#160;km-wide gap in the <a href="/wiki/A_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="A Ring">A Ring</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cassini–Huygens_spacecraft"><span id="Cassini.E2.80.93Huygens_spacecraft"></span><i>Cassini–Huygens</i> spacecraft</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/220px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/330px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg/440px-Enceladus_geysers_June_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>At Enceladus's south pole geysers spray water from many locations along the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripes_(Enceladus)" title="Tiger stripes (Enceladus)">tiger stripes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140728_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> entered orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004. In June 2004, it conducted a close flyby of <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, sending back high-resolution images and data. <i>Cassini</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">&#39;s</span> flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, captured radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains. The orbiter completed two Titan flybys before releasing the <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)"><i>Huygens</i> probe</a> on 25 December 2004. <i>Huygens</i> descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-nature438_7069_758_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature438_7069_758-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Starting in early 2005, scientists used <i>Cassini</i> to track lightning on Saturn. The power of the lightning is approximately 1,000&#160;times that of lightning on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
In 2006, NASA reported that <i>Cassini</i> had found evidence of liquid <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">water reservoirs</a> no more than tens of meters below the surface that erupt in <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> on Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>. These jets of icy particles are emitted into orbit around Saturn from vents in the moon's south polar region.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Over 100 geysers have been identified on Enceladus.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140728_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In May 2011, NASA scientists reported that Enceladus "is emerging as the most habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_eclipse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/220px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/330px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saturn_eclipse.jpg/440px-Saturn_eclipse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Saturn eclipses the Sun, as seen from <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i>. The rings are visible, including the <a href="/wiki/F_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="F Ring">F Ring</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><i>Cassini</i> photographs have revealed a previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E&#160;rings. The source of this ring is hypothesized to be the crashing of a meteoroid off <a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In July 2006, images were returned of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, the presence of which were confirmed in January 2007. In March 2007, hydrocarbon seas were found near the North pole, the largest of which is almost the size of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In October 2006, the probe detected an 8,000&#160;km (5,000&#160;mi) diameter cyclone-like storm with an eyewall at Saturn's south pole.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>From 2004 to 2 November 2009, the probe discovered and confirmed eight new satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In April 2013, <i>Cassini</i> sent back images of a hurricane at the planet's north pole 20 times larger than those found on Earth, with winds faster than 530&#160;km/h (330&#160;mph).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 15 September 2017, the <i>Cassini–Huygens</i> spacecraft performed the "Grand Finale" of its mission: a number of passes through gaps between Saturn and Saturn's inner rings.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20170915_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20170915-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170914_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170914-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> of <i>Cassini</i> ended the mission.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_future_missions">Possible future missions</h4></div>
<p>The continued exploration of Saturn is still considered to be a viable option for NASA as part of their ongoing <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a> of missions. NASA previously requested for plans to be put forward for a mission to Saturn that included the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Atmospheric_Entry_Probe" title="Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe">Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe</a>, and possible investigations into the habitability and possible discovery of life on Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus by <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/220px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/330px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Amateur telescopic view of Saturn</figcaption></figure>
<p>Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, Mars, and Jupiter. (Uranus, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light. The mean <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of Saturn is 0.46 with a standard deviation of 0.34.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most of the magnitude variation is due to the inclination of the ring system relative to the Sun and Earth. The brightest magnitude, −0.55, occurs near the time when the plane of the rings is inclined most highly, and the faintest magnitude, 1.17, occurs around the time when they are least inclined.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallama_and_Hilton_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It takes approximately 29.4&#160;years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> against the background constellations of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings in which a clear resolution is present.<sup id="cite_ref-NMM_Saturn_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMM_Saturn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-binoculars_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binoculars-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When Earth passes through the ring plane, which occurs twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view because they are so thin. Such a "disappearance" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for observations.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>, the configuration of a planet when it is at an <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongation</a> of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. Both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the next. Saturn also appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible. For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to the favorable <a href="/wiki/File:Saturnoppositions.jpg" title="File:Saturnoppositions.jpg">orientation of its rings</a> relative to the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-opp2002_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opp2002-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-opp2002_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opp2002-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>From time to time, Saturn is <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occulted</a> by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in "seasons". Saturnian occultations will take place monthly for about a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. The Moon's orbit is inclined by several degrees relative to Saturn's, so occultations will only occur when Saturn is near one of the points in the sky where the two planes intersect (both the length of Saturn's year and the 18.6-Earth-year <a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession#Nodal_precession" title="Lunar precession">nodal precession</a> period of the Moon's orbit influence the periodicity).<sup id="cite_ref-Jon_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jon-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science_fiction">In science fiction</h2></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s 2014 science fiction epic <i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a></i>, in proximity to Saturn is a <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormhole</a> leading to a planetary system in another <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>, whose central object is a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> known as Gargantua. The <i>Endurance</i> team enters the wormhole in the hopes of finding a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable planet</a> for humanity to settle as conditions on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> deteriorate. At the end of the film, Cooper Station, named for the main character, is shown in orbit around Saturn.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Statistics of planets in the Solar System</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-titan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-titan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dot in the bottom left is <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1bar-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1bar_b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1bar_b_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-walter2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walter2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter2003" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Elizabeth (21 April 2003). <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i> (Second&#160;ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53106-1"><bdi>978-0-521-53106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003-04-21&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-53106-1&amp;rft.aulast=Walter&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Saturnian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Saturnian">"Saturnian"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online&#160;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Saturnian&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.edition=Online&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DSaturnian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span>&#32;<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222125722/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/downloads/Small_RPS_Report.pdf">"Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/downloads/Small_RPS_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Enabling+Exploration+with+Small+Radioisotope+Power+Systems&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fdownloads%2FSmall_RPS_Report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Müller; et&#160;al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009ja015122">"Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>115</b> (A8): A08203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.8203M">2010JGRA..115.8203M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009ja015122">10.1029/2009ja015122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Azimuthal+plasma+flow+in+the+Kronian+magnetosphere&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.issue=A8&amp;rft.pages=A08203&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.issn=0148-0227&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009ja015122&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JGRA..115.8203M&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2009ja015122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Cronian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Cronian">"Cronian"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online&#160;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Cronian&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&amp;rft.edition=Online&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCronian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span>&#32;<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fact-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717071200/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">"Saturn Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2016-12-23&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fsaturnfact.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-horizons-perihelion-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horizons-perihelion_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&amp;COMMAND=%27699%27&amp;START_TIME=%272032-11-25%27&amp;STOP_TIME=%272032-12-10%27&amp;STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&amp;QUANTITIES=%2719%27">"HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for November 2032 Perihelion"</a>. <i>ssd.jpl.nasa.gov</i> (Perihelion for Saturn's planet-center (699) occurs on 2032-Nov-29 at 9.0149170au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907234827/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&amp;COMMAND=%27699%27&amp;START_TIME=%272032-11-25%27&amp;STOP_TIME=%272032-12-10%27&amp;STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&amp;QUANTITIES=%2719%27">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&amp;rft.atitle=HORIZONS+Planet-center+Batch+call+for+November+2032+Perihelion&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527699%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272032-11-25%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272032-12-10%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25273%2520hours%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252719%2527&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-JPLmoons-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPLmoons_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPLmoons_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/discovery.html">"Solar System Dynamics – Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances"</a>. NASA. 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+System+Dynamics+%E2%80%93+Planetary+Satellite+Discovery+Circumstances&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2021-11-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsats%2Fdiscovery.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UBC-20230511-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UBC-20230511_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UBC-20230511_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ubc.ca/news/saturn-now-leads-moon-race-62-newly-discovered-satellites">"Saturn now leads moon race with 62 newly discovered moons"</a>. <i>UBC Science</i>. University of British Columbia. 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=UBC+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn+now+leads+moon+race+with+62+newly+discovered+moons&amp;rft.date=2023-05-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.ubc.ca%2Fnews%2Fsaturn-now-leads-moon-race-62-newly-discovered-satellites&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/by-the-numbers/">"By the Numbers – Saturn"</a>. <i>NASA Solar System Exploration</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510134619/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/by-the-numbers/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+Solar+System+Exploration&amp;rft.atitle=By+the+Numbers+%E2%80%93+Saturn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fsaturn%2Fby-the-numbers%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nasafact-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasafact_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084432/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&amp;Display=Facts">"NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Saturn: Facts &amp; Figures"</a>. Solarsystem.nasa.gov. 22 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&amp;Display=Facts">the original</a> on 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%3A+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Planets%3A+Saturn%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft.pub=Solarsystem.nasa.gov&amp;rft.date=2011-03-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DSaturn%26Display%3DFacts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fortney2018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortney2018_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortneyHelledNettlemannStevenson2018" class="citation book cs1">Fortney, J.J.; Helled, R.; Nettlemann, N.; Stevenson, D.J.; Marley, M.S.; Hubbard, W.B.; Iess, L. (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p358DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51">"The Interior of Saturn"</a>. In Baines, K.H.; Flasar, F.M.; Krupp, N.; Stallard, T. (eds.). <i>Saturn in the 21st Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;44–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-68393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-68393-7"><bdi>978-1-108-68393-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502010250/https://books.google.com/books?id=p358DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Interior+of+Saturn&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+in+the+21st+Century&amp;rft.pages=44-68&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018-12-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-108-68393-7&amp;rft.aulast=Fortney&amp;rft.aufirst=J.J.&amp;rft.au=Helled%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Nettlemann%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+D.J.&amp;rft.au=Marley%2C+M.S.&amp;rft.au=Hubbard%2C+W.B.&amp;rft.au=Iess%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp358DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CSeligman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSeligman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm">"Rotation Period and Day Length"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728200555/http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&amp;rft.aulast=Seligman&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MPEC-2023-J49-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPEC-2023-J49_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K23/K23J49.html">"MPEC 2023-J49&#160;: S/2006 S 12"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Electronic Circulars</i>. Minor Planet Center. 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Electronic+Circulars&amp;rft.atitle=MPEC+2023-J49+%3A+S%2F2006+S+12&amp;rft.date=2023-05-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fmpec%2FK23%2FK23J49.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jones-1999-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-1999_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alexander (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC"><i>Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. pp.&#160;62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692337" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692337"><bdi>9780871692337</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052052/https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomical+papyri+from+Oxyrhynchus&amp;rft.pages=62-63&amp;rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=9780871692337&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MokzymQ43IC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-days-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-days_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1999" class="citation cs2">Falk, Michael (June 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1999JRASC..93..122F">"Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>, <b>93</b>: 122–133, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JRASC..93..122F">1999JRASC..93..122F</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225172054/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1999JRASC..93..122F">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomical+Names+for+the+Days+of+the+Week&amp;rft.volume=93&amp;rft.pages=122-133&amp;rft.date=1999-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JRASC..93..122F&amp;rft.aulast=Falk&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2F1999JRASC..93..122F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ssr152_1_423-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssr152_1_423_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortneyNettelmann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fortney, Jonathan J.; Nettelmann, Nadine (May 2010). "The Interior Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Giant Planets". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>152</b> (1–4): 423–447. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.0533">0912.0533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SSRv..152..423F">2010SSRv..152..423F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-009-9582-x">10.1007/s11214-009-9582-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49570672">49570672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=The+Interior+Structure%2C+Composition%2C+and+Evolution+of+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.volume=152&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=423-447&amp;rft.date=2010-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0912.0533&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49570672%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-009-9582-x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010SSRv..152..423F&amp;rft.aulast=Fortney&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&amp;rft.au=Nettelmann%2C+Nadine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-apj609_2_1170-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj609_2_1170_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaumonGuillot2004" class="citation journal cs1">Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. (July 2004). "Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>609</b> (2): 1170–1180. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0403393">astro-ph/0403393</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...609.1170S">2004ApJ...609.1170S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F421257">10.1086/421257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119325899">119325899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Shock+Compression+of+Deuterium+and+the+Interiors+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.volume=609&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1170-1180&amp;rft.date=2004-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0403393&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119325899%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421257&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...609.1170S&amp;rft.aulast=Saumon&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Guillot%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A383960">"Saturn"</a>. BBC. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101024556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A383960">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA383960&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankovichFuller2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mankovich, Christopher R.; Fuller, Jim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01448-3">"A diffuse core in Saturn revealed by ring seismology"</a>. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. <b>5</b> (11): 1103–1109. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13385">2104.13385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatAs...5.1103M">2021NatAs...5.1103M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-021-01448-3">10.1038/s41550-021-01448-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233423431">233423431</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820195416/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01448-3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&amp;rft.atitle=A+diffuse+core+in+Saturn+revealed+by+ring+seismology&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1103-1109&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2104.13385&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233423431%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-021-01448-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatAs...5.1103M&amp;rft.aulast=Mankovich&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&amp;rft.au=Fuller%2C+Jim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41550-021-01448-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_PaterLissauer2010" class="citation book cs1">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ijoTgDhnEC&amp;pg=PA254"><i>Planetary Sciences</i></a> (2nd&#160;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;254–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85371-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85371-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217000421/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ijoTgDhnEC&amp;pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=254-255&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-85371-2&amp;rft.aulast=de+Pater&amp;rft.aufirst=Imke&amp;rft.au=Lissauer%2C+Jack+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_ijoTgDhnEC%26pg%3DPA254&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SC-20131009-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SC-20131009_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2013" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Miriam (9 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/23135-diamond-rain-jupiter-saturn.html">"Diamond Rain May Fill Skies of Jupiter and Saturn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171415/https://www.space.com/23135-diamond-rain-jupiter-saturn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft.atitle=Diamond+Rain+May+Fill+Skies+of+Jupiter+and+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2013-10-09&amp;rft.aulast=Kramer&amp;rft.aufirst=Miriam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F23135-diamond-rain-jupiter-saturn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WP-20170825-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170825_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2017" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Sarah (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/08/25/it-rains-solid-diamonds-on-uranus-and-neptune/">"It rains solid diamonds on Uranus and Neptune"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827011901/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/08/25/it-rains-solid-diamonds-on-uranus-and-neptune/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=It+rains+solid+diamonds+on+Uranus+and+Neptune&amp;rft.date=2017-08-25&amp;rft.aulast=Kaplan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2017%2F08%2F25%2Fit-rains-solid-diamonds-on-uranus-and-neptune%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-science286-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science286_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot1999" class="citation journal cs1">Guillot, Tristan (1999). "Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System". <i>Science</i>. <b>286</b> (5437): 72–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...286...72G">1999Sci...286...72G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72">10.1126/science.286.5437.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10506563">10506563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6907359">6907359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Interiors+of+Giant+Planets+Inside+and+Outside+the+Solar+System&amp;rft.volume=286&amp;rft.issue=5437&amp;rft.pages=72-77&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.72&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6907359%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10506563&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...286...72G&amp;rft.aulast=Guillot&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-baas15_831-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baas15_831_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtinGautierMartenBezard1967" class="citation journal cs1">Courtin, R.; et&#160;al. (1967). "The Composition of Saturn's Atmosphere at Temperate Northern Latitudes from Voyager IRIS spectra". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>15</b>: 831. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983BAAS...15..831C">1983BAAS...15..831C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+Composition+of+Saturn%27s+Atmosphere+at+Temperate+Northern+Latitudes+from+Voyager+IRIS+spectra&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=831&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983BAAS...15..831C&amp;rft.aulast=Courtin&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Gautier%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Marten%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Bezard%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cain2009_24029-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain2009_24029_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2009" class="citation news cs1">Cain, Fraser (22 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-of-saturn/">"Atmosphere of Saturn"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112062750/http://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-of-saturn/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Atmosphere+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2009-01-22&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.aufirst=Fraser&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F24029%2Fatmosphere-of-saturn%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pfsaa2008-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pfsaa2008_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pfsaa2008_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerletFouchetBézard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guerlet, S.; Fouchet, T.; Bézard, B. (November 2008). Charbonnel, C.; Combes, F.; Samadi, R. (eds.). "Ethane, acetylene and propane distribution in Saturn's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS limb observations". <i>SF2A-2008: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>: 405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008sf2a.conf..405G">2008sf2a.conf..405G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=SF2A-2008%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Meeting+of+the+French+Society+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.atitle=Ethane%2C+acetylene+and+propane+distribution+in+Saturn%27s+stratosphere+from+Cassini%2FCIRS+limb+observations&amp;rft.pages=405&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008sf2a.conf..405G&amp;rft.aulast=Guerlet&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Fouchet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=B%C3%A9zard%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-martinez20050905-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martinez20050905_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2005" class="citation web cs1">Martinez, Carolina (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini-090505-clouds.html">"Cassini Discovers Saturn's Dynamic Clouds Run Deep"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108223741/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini-090505-clouds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cassini+Discovers+Saturn%27s+Dynamic+Clouds+Run+Deep&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2005-09-05&amp;rft.aulast=Martinez&amp;rft.aufirst=Carolina&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Fcassini-090505-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20061011a.html">"Cassini Image Shows Saturn Draped in a String of Pearls"</a> (Press release). Carolina Martinez, NASA. 10 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501174037/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20061011a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cassini+Image+Shows+Saturn+Draped+in+a+String+of+Pearls&amp;rft.pub=Carolina+Martinez%2C+NASA&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20061011a.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-emp105_2_143-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emp105_2_143_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Orton, Glenn S. (September 2009). "Ground-Based Observational Support for Spacecraft Exploration of the Outer Planets". <i>Earth, Moon, and Planets</i>. <b>105</b> (2–4): 143–152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EM&amp;P..105..143O">2009EM&#38;P..105..143O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11038-009-9295-x">10.1007/s11038-009-9295-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121930171">121930171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&amp;rft.atitle=Ground-Based+Observational+Support+for+Spacecraft+Exploration+of+the+Outer+Planets&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=143-152&amp;rft.date=2009-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121930171%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11038-009-9295-x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EM%26P..105..143O&amp;rft.aulast=Orton&amp;rft.aufirst=Glenn+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dougherty_esposito2009-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dougherty_esposito2009_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyEspositoKrimigis2009" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Michele K.; Esposito, Larry W.; Krimigis, Stamatios M. (2009). Dougherty, Michele K.; Esposito, Larry W.; Krimigis, Stamatios M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&amp;pg=PA162"><i>Saturn from Cassini-Huygens</i></a>. Springer. p.&#160;162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009sfch.book.....D">2009sfch.book.....D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6">10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-9216-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416202411/https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&amp;pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9217-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009sfch.book.....D&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9216-9&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele+K.&amp;rft.au=Esposito%2C+Larry+W.&amp;rft.au=Krimigis%2C+Stamatios+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM56CHHxVMP4C%26pg%3DPA162&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-icarus176_1_155-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icarus176_1_155_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-HoyosSánchez-LavegFrenchJ._F.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Hoyos, S.; Sánchez-Laveg, A.; French, R. G.; J. F., Rojas (2005). "Saturn's cloud structure and temporal evolution from ten years of Hubble Space Telescope images (1994–2003)". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>176</b> (1): 155–174. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..176..155P">2005Icar..176..155P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.014">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+cloud+structure+and+temporal+evolution+from+ten+years+of+Hubble+Space+Telescope+images+%281994%E2%80%932003%29&amp;rft.volume=176&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=155-174&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.01.014&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..176..155P&amp;rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Hoyos&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Laveg%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=French%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=J.+F.%2C+Rojas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidger1992" class="citation book cs1">Kidger, Mark (1992). "The 1990 Great White Spot of Saturn". In <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" title="Patrick Moore">Moore, Patrick</a> (ed.). <i>1993 Yearbook of Astronomy</i>. London: W.W. Norton &amp; Company. pp.&#160;176–215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ybas.conf.....M">1992ybas.conf.....M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+1990+Great+White+Spot+of+Saturn&amp;rft.btitle=1993+Yearbook+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=176-215&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992ybas.conf.....M&amp;rft.aulast=Kidger&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide_PaterMoeckelSault2023" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Cheng; de Pater, Imke; Moeckel, Chris; Sault, R. J.; Butler, Bryan; deBoer, David; Zhang, Zhimeng (11 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10421028">"Long-lasting, deep effect of Saturn's giant storms"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>9</b> (32): eadg9419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SciA....9G9419L">2023SciA....9G9419L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg9419">10.1126/sciadv.adg9419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10421028">10421028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566653">37566653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&amp;rft.atitle=Long-lasting%2C+deep+effect+of+Saturn%27s+giant+storms&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=32&amp;rft.pages=eadg9419&amp;rft.date=2023-08-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10421028%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37566653&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg9419&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023SciA....9G9419L&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheng&amp;rft.au=de+Pater%2C+Imke&amp;rft.au=Moeckel%2C+Chris&amp;rft.au=Sault%2C+R.+J.&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+Bryan&amp;rft.au=deBoer%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhimeng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10421028&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Voyager_Summary_1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voyager_Summary_1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1997" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Calvin J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926211656/http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrsat.htm">"Voyager Saturn Science Summary"</a>. Solarviews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrsat.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+Saturn+Science+Summary&amp;rft.pub=Solarviews&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.aufirst=Calvin+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarviews.com%2Feng%2Fvgrsat.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2007" class="citation web cs1">Watanabe, Susan (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia09188.html">"Saturn's Strange Hexagon"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116155833/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia09188.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%27s+Strange+Hexagon&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2007-03-27&amp;rft.aulast=Watanabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmultimedia%2Fpia09188.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MCP-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCP_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCP_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921212018/http://www.mcpstars.org/node/353">"Warm Polar Vortex on Saturn"</a>. Merrillville Community Planetarium. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcpstars.org/node/353">the original</a> on 21 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Warm+Polar+Vortex+on+Saturn&amp;rft.pub=Merrillville+Community+Planetarium&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcpstars.org%2Fnode%2F353&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey,_D._A.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Godfrey, D. A. (1988). "A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 335. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...76..335G">1988Icar...76..335G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990075-9">10.1016/0019-1035(88)90075-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=A+hexagonal+feature+around+Saturn%27s+North+Pole&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=335&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990075-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Icar...76..335G&amp;rft.au=Godfrey%2C+D.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-science247_4947_1206-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science247_4947_1206_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey1990" class="citation journal cs1">Godfrey, D. A. (9 March 1990). "The Rotation Period of Saturn's Polar Hexagon". <i>Science</i>. <b>247</b> (4947): 1206–1208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1206G">1990Sci...247.1206G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4947.1206">10.1126/science.247.4947.1206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17809277">17809277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19965347">19965347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+Rotation+Period+of+Saturn%27s+Polar+Hexagon&amp;rft.volume=247&amp;rft.issue=4947&amp;rft.pages=1206-1208&amp;rft.date=1990-03-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.247.4947.1206&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19965347%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17809277&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...247.1206G&amp;rft.aulast=Godfrey&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pss57_14_1671-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pss57_14_1671_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainesMomaryFletcherShowman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Baines, Kevin H.; et&#160;al. (December 2009). "Saturn's north polar cyclone and hexagon at depth revealed by Cassini/VIMS". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>57</b> (14–15): 1671–1681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009P&amp;SS...57.1671B">2009P&#38;SS...57.1671B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2009.06.026">10.1016/j.pss.2009.06.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Saturn%27s+north+polar+cyclone+and+hexagon+at+depth+revealed+by+Cassini%2FVIMS&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft.issue=14%E2%80%9315&amp;rft.pages=1671-1681&amp;rft.date=2009-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2009.06.026&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009P%26SS...57.1671B&amp;rft.aulast=Baines&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+H.&amp;rft.au=Momary%2C+Thomas+W.&amp;rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Leigh+N.&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+Adam+P.&amp;rft.au=Roos-Serote%2C+Maarten&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+H.&amp;rft.au=Buratti%2C+Bonnie+J.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C+Roger+N.&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Philip+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (19 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews060515-17">"Geometric whirlpools revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews060515-17">10.1038/news060515-17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129016856">129016856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Geometric+whirlpools+revealed&amp;rft.date=2006-05-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews060515-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129016856%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnews060515-17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span> Bizarre geometric shapes that appear at the center of swirling vortices in planetary atmospheres might be explained by a simple experiment with a bucket of water but correlating this to Saturn's pattern is by no means certain.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-labmodel-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labmodel_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguiarReadWordsworthSalter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aguiar, Ana C. Barbosa; et&#160;al. (April 2010). "A laboratory model of Saturn's North Polar Hexagon". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>206</b> (2): 755–763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..206..755B">2010Icar..206..755B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.10.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=A+laboratory+model+of+Saturn%27s+North+Polar+Hexagon&amp;rft.volume=206&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=755-763&amp;rft.date=2010-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.10.022&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..206..755B&amp;rft.aulast=Aguiar&amp;rft.aufirst=Ana+C.+Barbosa&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+Peter+L.&amp;rft.au=Wordsworth%2C+Robin+D&amp;rft.au=Salter%2C+Tara&amp;rft.au=Hiro+Yamazaki%2C+Y.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span> Laboratory experiment of spinning disks in a liquid solution forms vortices around a stable hexagonal pattern similar to that of Saturn's.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-Lavega,_A.Pérez-Hoyos,_S.French,_R._G.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez-Lavega, A.; et&#160;al. (8 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v34n3/dps2002/10.htm">"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Atmospheric Dynamics in Saturn's South Pole from 1997 to 2002"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>34</b>: 857. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DPS....34.1307S">2002DPS....34.1307S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100630162647/http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v34n3/dps2002/10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+Space+Telescope+Observations+of+the+Atmospheric+Dynamics+in+Saturn%27s+South+Pole+from+1997+to+2002&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=857&amp;rft.date=2002-10-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002DPS....34.1307S&amp;rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Lavega%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Hoyos%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=French%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faas.org%2Farchives%2FBAAS%2Fv34n3%2Fdps2002%2F10.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09187">"NASA catalog page for image PIA09187"</a>. NASA Planetary Photojournal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109044235/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09187">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+catalog+page+for+image+PIA09187&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Planetary+Photojournal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA09187&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6135450.stm?lsm">"Huge 'hurricane' rages on Saturn"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803115422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6135450.stm?lsm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Huge+%27hurricane%27+rages+on+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-11-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F6135450.stm%3Flsm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507154317/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=703">"NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn"</a>. NASA. 9 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=703">the original</a> on 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Sees+into+the+Eye+of+a+Monster+Storm+on+Saturn&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2006-11-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-release-details.cfm%3FnewsID%3D703&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-spole-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spole_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spole_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell2006" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061113.html">"A Hurricane Over the South Pole of Saturn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Picture+of+the+Day&amp;rft.atitle=A+Hurricane+Over+the+South+Pole+of+Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-11-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap061113.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mag_2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mag_2_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mag_2_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2000" class="citation web cs1">McDermott, Matthew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/C005921/Saturn/satuAtmo.htm">"Saturn: Atmosphere and Magnetosphere"</a>. Thinkquest Internet Challenge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020053039/http://library.thinkquest.org/C005921/Saturn/satuAtmo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn%3A+Atmosphere+and+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.pub=Thinkquest+Internet+Challenge&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=McDermott&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC005921%2FSaturn%2FsatuAtmo.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319151942/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn_magnetosphere.html">"Voyager – Saturn's Magnetosphere"</a>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 18 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn_magnetosphere.html">the original</a> on 19 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Voyager+%E2%80%93+Saturn%27s+Magnetosphere&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2010-10-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fscience%2Fsaturn_magnetosphere.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atkinson2010-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atkinson2010_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2010" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Nancy (14 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/81713/hot-plasma-explosions-inflate-saturns-magnetic-field/">"Hot Plasma Explosions Inflate Saturn's Magnetic Field"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143836/http://www.universetoday.com/81713/hot-plasma-explosions-inflate-saturns-magnetic-field/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Hot+Plasma+Explosions+Inflate+Saturn%27s+Magnetic+Field&amp;rft.date=2010-12-14&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F81713%2Fhot-plasma-explosions-inflate-saturns-magnetic-field%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_Randy2003" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Randy (3 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906031014/http://www.windows2universe.org/saturn/upper_atmosphere.html">"Saturn Magnetosphere Overview"</a>. Windows to the Universe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windows2universe.org/saturn/upper_atmosphere.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+Magnetosphere+Overview&amp;rft.pub=Windows+to+the+Universe&amp;rft.date=2003-06-03&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Randy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fsaturn%2Fupper_atmosphere.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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