nayo

Command Execution

exec           - Returns last line of commands output
passthru       - Passes commands output directly to the browser
system         - Passes commands output directly to the browser and returns last line
shell_exec     - Returns commands output
\`\` (backticks) - Same as shell_exec()
popen          - Opens read or write pipe to process of a command
proc_open      - Similar to popen() but greater degree of control
pcntl_exec - Executes a program

nayo

Two ways to do it, but only worked for me so I'll put it first and the second for reference:

$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in hostname.crt -inkey hsotname.key -out hostname.p12
$ openssl pkcs12 -in hostname.p12 -nodes -out hostname.pem

Other options for this method in comments below:

# Note, the -certfile root.crt appends all CA certs to the export, I've never needed these so it's optional for my personal steps
$ openssl pkcs12 -export -in hostname.crt -inkey hsotname.key -certfile root.crt -out hostname.p12

Note, I've always had my hostname.crt as part of my .pem, so I keep my certs but apparently you may not have to, hence the nocerts flag being an extra option in this sample