Keras Policy Gradient Example

policy_gradient.py

"""
Simple policy gradient in Keras

"""
import gym
import numpy as np

from keras import layers
from keras.models import Model
from keras import backend as K
from keras import utils as np_utils
from keras import optimizers


class Agent(object):

    def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim, hidden_dims=[32, 32]):
        """Gym Playing Agent

        Args:
            input_dim (int): the dimension of state.
                Same as `env.observation_space.shape[0]`

            output_dim (int): the number of discrete actions
                Same as `env.action_space.n`

            hidden_dims (list): hidden dimensions

        Methods:

            private:
                __build_train_fn -> None
                    It creates a train function
                    It's similar to defining `train_op` in Tensorflow
                __build_network -> None
                    It create a base model
                    Its output is each action probability

            public:
                get_action(state) -> action
                fit(state, action, reward) -> None
        """

        self.input_dim = input_dim
        self.output_dim = output_dim

        self.__build_network(input_dim, output_dim, hidden_dims)
        self.__build_train_fn()

    def __build_network(self, input_dim, output_dim, hidden_dims=[32, 32]):
        """Create a base network"""
        self.X = layers.Input(shape=(input_dim,))
        net = self.X

        for h_dim in hidden_dims:
            net = layers.Dense(h_dim)(net)
            net = layers.Activation("relu")(net)

        net = layers.Dense(output_dim)(net)
        net = layers.Activation("softmax")(net)

        self.model = Model(inputs=self.X, outputs=net)

    def __build_train_fn(self):
        """Create a train function

        It replaces `model.fit(X, y)` because we use the output of model and use it for training.

        For example, we need action placeholder
        called `action_one_hot` that stores, which action we took at state `s`.
        Hence, we can update the same action.

        This function will create
        `self.train_fn([state, action_one_hot, discount_reward])`
        which would train the model.

        """
        action_prob_placeholder = self.model.output
        action_onehot_placeholder = K.placeholder(shape=(None, self.output_dim),
                                                  name="action_onehot")
        discount_reward_placeholder = K.placeholder(shape=(None,),
                                                    name="discount_reward")

        action_prob = K.sum(action_prob_placeholder * action_onehot_placeholder, axis=1)
        log_action_prob = K.log(action_prob)

        loss = - log_action_prob * discount_reward_placeholder
        loss = K.mean(loss)

        adam = optimizers.Adam()

        updates = adam.get_updates(params=self.model.trainable_weights,
                                   constraints=[],
                                   loss=loss)

        self.train_fn = K.function(inputs=[self.model.input,
                                           action_onehot_placeholder,
                                           discount_reward_placeholder],
                                   outputs=[],
                                   updates=updates)

    def get_action(self, state):
        """Returns an action at given `state`

        Args:
            state (1-D or 2-D Array): It can be either 1-D array of shape (state_dimension, )
                or 2-D array shape of (n_samples, state_dimension)

        Returns:
            action: an integer action value ranging from 0 to (n_actions - 1)
        """
        shape = state.shape

        if len(shape) == 1:
            assert shape == (self.input_dim,), "{} != {}".format(shape, self.input_dim)
            state = np.expand_dims(state, axis=0)

        elif len(shape) == 2:
            assert shape[1] == (self.input_dim), "{} != {}".format(shape, self.input_dim)

        else:
            raise TypeError("Wrong state shape is given: {}".format(state.shape))

        action_prob = np.squeeze(self.model.predict(state))
        assert len(action_prob) == self.output_dim, "{} != {}".format(len(action_prob), self.output_dim)
        return np.random.choice(np.arange(self.output_dim), p=action_prob)

    def fit(self, S, A, R):
        """Train a network

        Args:
            S (2-D Array): `state` array of shape (n_samples, state_dimension)
            A (1-D Array): `action` array of shape (n_samples,)
                It's simply a list of int that stores which actions the agent chose
            R (1-D Array): `reward` array of shape (n_samples,)
                A reward is given after each action.

        """
        action_onehot = np_utils.to_categorical(A, num_classes=self.output_dim)
        discount_reward = compute_discounted_R(R)

        assert S.shape[1] == self.input_dim, "{} != {}".format(S.shape[1], self.input_dim)
        assert action_onehot.shape[0] == S.shape[0], "{} != {}".format(action_onehot.shape[0], S.shape[0])
        assert action_onehot.shape[1] == self.output_dim, "{} != {}".format(action_onehot.shape[1], self.output_dim)
        assert len(discount_reward.shape) == 1, "{} != 1".format(len(discount_reward.shape))

        self.train_fn([S, action_onehot, discount_reward])


def compute_discounted_R(R, discount_rate=.99):
    """Returns discounted rewards

    Args:
        R (1-D array): a list of `reward` at each time step
        discount_rate (float): Will discount the future value by this rate

    Returns:
        discounted_r (1-D array): same shape as input `R`
            but the values are discounted

    Examples:
        >>> R = [1, 1, 1]
        >>> compute_discounted_R(R, .99) # before normalization
        [1 + 0.99 + 0.99**2, 1 + 0.99, 1]
    """
    discounted_r = np.zeros_like(R, dtype=np.float32)
    running_add = 0
    for t in reversed(range(len(R))):

        running_add = running_add * discount_rate + R[t]
        discounted_r[t] = running_add

    discounted_r -= discounted_r.mean() / discounted_r.std()

    return discounted_r


def run_episode(env, agent):
    """Returns an episode reward

    (1) Play until the game is done
    (2) The agent will choose an action according to the policy
    (3) When it's done, it will train from the game play

    Args:
        env (gym.env): Gym environment
        agent (Agent): Game Playing Agent

    Returns:
        total_reward (int): total reward earned during the whole episode
    """
    done = False
    S = []
    A = []
    R = []

    s = env.reset()

    total_reward = 0

    while not done:

        a = agent.get_action(s)

        s2, r, done, info = env.step(a)
        total_reward += r

        S.append(s)
        A.append(a)
        R.append(r)

        s = s2

        if done:
            S = np.array(S)
            A = np.array(A)
            R = np.array(R)

            agent.fit(S, A, R)

    return total_reward


def main():
    try:
        env = gym.make("CartPole-v0")
        input_dim = env.observation_space.shape[0]
        output_dim = env.action_space.n
        agent = Agent(input_dim, output_dim, [16, 16])

        for episode in range(2000):
            reward = run_episode(env, agent)
            print(episode, reward)

    finally:
        env.close()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

When you are computing your loss function for given timestep, you don't sum over the previous timesteps for that episode/trajectory. Why?
I am new to policy gradient, so I maybe wrong. I referring to the slide "Policy Gradient: Use Temporal Structure" from http://rll.berkeley.edu/deeprlcourse/docs/lec2.pdf for my above comment.
Thanks!

I think the implementation is correct:

• Given the Markov property, the probability of a state/action does not depend on previous states/actions. If think incorporating past rewards into the loss function would violate that principle.
• the value of a state-action is usually the expected discounted future rewards

Not sure though

It's not the fastest policy gradient implementation but it works:

But it also makes me wonder how to make it less noisy.

Here is a graph from another implementation here: https://github.com/nyck33/reinforcement-learning/blob/master/2-cartpole/1-dqn/cartpole_dqn.py

In your link "https://github.com/nyck33/reinforcement-learning/blob/master/2-cartpole/1-dqn/cartpole_dqn.py" it's not policy gradients used

• The noise can be inherent to the environment, if stochastic
• actor critic can eliminate noise because the gradient is calculated using a value network rather than (high-variance) returns of the environment

Copied your code, when tried to run received following error in get_updates():
TypeError: get_updates() got an unexpected keyword argument 'constraints' why this might be ?

I'm probably using a different version of keras/tf, but I had to fix a couple of things to make the code run.

1. The code as it is here throws a TypeError: get_updates() got an unexpected keyword argument 'constraints'. I simply commented out the constraints=[], at line 93.
2. Then I got ValueError: Cannot create a Keras backend function with updates but no outputs during eager execution. To disable eager execution I imported tensorflow and called tf.compat.v1.disable_eager_execution().
3. Then it throws IndexError: list index out of range because of outputs=[], (line 99). Just change it to outputs=[self.model.output], and it runs fine for me.

I'm probably using a different version of keras/tf, but I had to fix a couple of things to make the code run.

1. The code as it is here throws a TypeError: get_updates() got an unexpected keyword argument 'constraints'. I simply commented out the constraints=[], at line 93.
2. Then I got ValueError: Cannot create a Keras backend function with updates but no outputs during eager execution. To disable eager execution I imported tensorflow and called tf.compat.v1.disable_eager_execution().
3. Then it throws IndexError: list index out of range because of outputs=[], (line 99). Just change it to outputs=[self.model.output], and it runs fine for me.

thank you :D