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var when = function(){
    if( !(this instanceof when) ) return new when(arguments); //return new instance of itself

    var self = this; //cached so the syntax of code within the function is more readable

    self.pending = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments[0]); //convert arguments passed in to array
    self.pending_length = self.pending.length; //cache length of the arguments array
    self.results = []; //container for results of async functions

    (function(){ // define pass() within this context so that the outer scope of self(this) is available when pass() is executed within the user's async functions

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var after = function _after(count, f) {
  var c = 0, results = [];
  return function _callback() {
    results.push( arguments.length > 1 ? arguments : arguments[0] );
    if (++c === count) {
      f.apply(this, results);
    }
  };
};